Truncated Fragments of Alpha-Synuclein in Lewy Body Disease

ABSTRACT

The application identifies novel fragments of alpha-synuclein in patients with Lewy Body Disease (LBD) and transgenic animal models thereof. These diseases are characterized by aggregations of alpha-synuclein. The fragments have a truncated C-terminus relative to full-length alpha-synuclein. Some fragments are characterized by a molecular weight of about 12 kDa as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis in tricine buffer and a truncation of at least ten contiguous amino acids from the C-terminus of natural alpha-synuclein. The site of cleavage preferably occurs after residue 117 and before residue 126 of natural alpha-synuclein. The identification of these novel fragments of alpha-synuclein has a number of application in for example, drug discovery, diagnostics, therapeutics, and transgenic animals.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/969,335, filed Oct. 19, 2004, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/850,570 filed May19, 2004, which claims the benefit under 35 USC §119(e) of U.S.Application No. 60/471,929, filed May 19, 2003, each of which areincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. U.S.application Ser. No. 10/969,335, filed Oct. 19, 2004, is also acontinuation-in-part of PCT/US0401/15836 filed May 19, 2004, publishedas WO 05/013889, which claims the benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of USApplication No. 60/471,929, filed May 19, 2003, each incorporated byreference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Lewy body diseases (LBDs) are characterized by degeneration of thedopaminergic system, motor alterations, cognitive impairment, andformation of Lewy bodies (LBs). (McKeith et al., Clinical andpathological diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): Report of theCDLB International Workshop, Neurology (1996) 47:1113-24). LBDs includeParkinson's disease, Diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD), Lewy body variantof Alzheimer's disease (LBV), and combined PD and Alzheimer's disease(AD) and the syndromes identified as multiple system atrophy (MSA).Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a term coined to reconciledifferences in the terminology of LBDs. Disorders with LBs continue tobe a common cause for movement disorders and cognitive deterioration inthe aging population (Galasko et al., Clinical-neuropathologicalcorrelations in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Arch. Neurol.(1994) 51:888-95). Although their incidence continues to increasecreating a serious public health problem, to date these disorders lackapproved treatments (Tanner et al., Epidemiology of Parkinson's diseaseand akinetic syndromes, Curr. Opin. Neurol. (2000) 13:427-30). The causefor LBD's is controversial and multiple factors have been proposed toplay a role, including various neurotoxins and genetic susceptibilityfactors.

AD, PD, and DLBD are the most commonly found neurodegenerative disordersin the elderly. Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated a closeclinical relationship between AD and PD, as about 30% of Alzheimer'spatients also have PD. Compared to the rest of the aging population,patients with AD are thus more likely to develop concomitant PD.Furthermore, PD patients that become demented usually have developedclassical AD. Although each neurodegenerative disease appears to have apredilection for specific brain regions and cell populations, resultingin distinct pathological features, PD, AD, and DLBD also share commonpathological hallmarks. Patients with familial AD, Down syndrome, orsporadic AD develop LBs on the amygdala, which are the classicalneuropathological hallmarks of PD. Additionally, each disease isassociated with the degeneration of neurons, interneuronal synapticconnections and eventually cell death, the depletion ofneurotransmitters, and abnormal accumulation of misfolded proteins, theprecursors of which participate in normal central nervous systemfunction. Biochemical studies have confirmed a link between AD, PD andDLB.

In recent years, new hope for understanding the pathogenesis of LBD hasemerged. Specifically, several studies have shown that the synapticprotein alpha-synuclein plays a central role in PD pathogenesis since:(1) this protein accumulates in LBs (Spillantini et al., Nature (1997)388:839-40; Takeda et al., J. Pathol. (1998) 152:367-72; Wakabayashi etal., Neurosci. Lett. (1997) 239:45-8), (2) mutations in thealpha-synuclein gene co-segregate with rare familial forms ofparkinsonism (Kruger et al., Nature Gen. (1998) 18:106-8;Polymeropoulos, et al., Science (1997) 276:2045-7) and, (3) itsoverexpression in transgenic mice (Masliah et al., Science (2000)287:1265-9) and Drosophila (Feany et al., Nature (2000) 404:394-8)mimics several pathological aspects of PD. Thus, the fact thataccumulation of alpha-synuclein in the brain is associated with similarmorphological and neurological alterations in species as diverse ashumans, mice, and flies suggests that this molecule contributes to thedevelopment of PD.

The neuritic plaques that are the classic pathological hallmark of ADconsist essentially of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, an amino acidproteolytic product of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and NAC, a35 amino acid proteolytic fragment of alpha-synuclein. Both Aβ and NACwere first identified in amyloid plaques as proteolytic fragments oftheir respective full-length proteins, for which the full-length cDNAswere identified and cloned. (Iwai A., Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2000)1502:95-109); Masliah et al., AM. J Pathol (1996) 148:201-10; Ueda etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:11282-6).

Alpha-synuclein is part of a large family of proteins including beta-and gamma-synuclein and synoretin. Alpha-synuclein is expressed in thenormal state associated with synapses and is believed to play a role inneural plasticity, learning and memory. Mutations in human (h)alpha-synuclein that enhance the aggregation of alpha-synuclein havebeen identified (Ala30Pro and Ala53Thr) and are associated with rareforms of autosomal dominant forms of PD. The mechanism by which thesemutations increase the propensity of alpha-synuclein to aggregate areunknown.

SUMMARY OF THE CLAIMED INVENTION

The invention provides methods of screening for an agent having apharmacological activity useful for treating a Lewy Body Disease (LBD).The method involves contacting the agent with a fragment ofalpha-synuclein, wherein the fragment is characterized by presence of atleast 100 contiguous amino acids of intact (i.e., full-length)alpha-synuclein and a deletion of 1-25 contiguous amino acids from theC-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein; and determining the rate or extentof aggregation of the fragment of alpha-synuclein, wherein a reductionin the rate or extent of aggregation relative to a control lacking theagent indicates the agent has the pharmacological activity.

Optionally, the fragment has a C-terminus at a residue within residues115 and 125 of intact alpha-synuclein with residues numbered accordingto SEQ ID NO:1. Preferred fragments include alpha-synuclein SN1-115,SN1-116, SN1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119, SN1-120, SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123,SN1-124, and SN1-125. SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN1-133 and SN1-135 areparticularly preferred. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein is1-X, wherein X is 130-139. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synucleinbears a mutation associated with a hereditary LBD, such as an A53Tmutation. Optionally, the method involves an additional step ofconducting a trial in a human having a LBD or an animal model of LBD todetermine whether the agent treats or inhibits a symptom of the LBD.

The invention further provides methods of screening for an agent havinga pharmacological activity useful for treating a Lewy Body Disease(LBD). The methods involve contacting the agent with phosphorylatedalpha-synuclein or a phosphorylated fragment thereof, wherein thefragment is characterized by presence of at least 100 contiguous aminoacids of intact alpha-synuclein and a deletion of 1-11 contiguous aminoacids from the C-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein; and determining therate or extent of aggregation of the alpha synuclein or fragment ofalpha-synuclein, wherein a reduction in the rate or extent ofaggregation relative to a control lacking the agent indicates the agenthas the pharmacological activity. Optionally, the agent is contactedwith intact alpha synuclein or SN1-133 or SN1-135 numbered according toSEQ ID NO:1. Optionally, intact alpha synuclein or the fragment ofalpha-synuclein bears a mutation associated with a hereditary LBD.Optionally, the mutation is an A53T mutation. Optionally, the methodfurther comprises conducting a trial in a human having a LBD or ananimal model of LBD to determine whether the agent treats or inhibits asymptom of the LBD.

The invention further provides methods of screening an agent for apharmacological activity useful in treating a LBD (e.g., Parkinson'sdisease or DLBD). These methods comprise contacting a cell expressingalpha-synuclein and processing the alpha-synuclein into a fragment withan agent. The fragment is characterized by presence of at least 100contiguous amino acids of intact alpha-synuclein and a deletion of 1-25contiguous amino acids from the C-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein.One then determines a level of the fragment in the cell relative to abaseline level in the same cell type in the absence of the agent, areduction in the level of the fragment relative to the baselineindicating the agent has the pharmacological activity useful in treatinga LBD. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein has a C-terminus at aresidue between 115 and 125 of intact alpha-synuclein. Preferredfragments are SN1-115, SN1-116, SN1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119, SN1-120,SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123, SN1-124, and SN1-125 of alpha synuclein.SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN1-133 and SN1-135 are particularlypreferred. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein is 1-X, wherein Xis 130-139. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein bears a mutationassociated with a hereditary LBD, such as an A53T mutation. The cell canbe a human cell, a neuronal cell, a dopaminergic cell or anondopaminergic cell. Optionally, the cell is a PC12 or Sy5Y cell.Optionally, the method involves a step of conducting a trial in a humanhaving a LBD or an animal model of LBD to determine whether the agenttreats or inhibits a symptom of the LBD.

The invention further provides methods of screening for an agent havinga pharmacological activity useful for treating a LBD (e.g., Parkinson'sdisease or DLBD). The methods involve contacting a transgenic animalexpressing a fragment of alpha-synuclein, wherein the fragment ischaracterized by presence of at least 100 contiguous amino acids ofintact alpha-synuclein and a deletion of 1-25 contiguous amino acidsfrom the C-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein; and determining a levelof aggregated forms of the fragment in the brain of the transgenicanimal relative to a baseline level of aggregated forms of the fragmentin a comparable transgenic animal in the absence of the agent, areduction in the level of the aggregated forms fragment relative to thebaseline indicating the agent has a pharmacological activity useful intreating a LBD. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein has aC-terminus at a residue between 115 and 125 of intact alpha-synuclein.Preferred fragments include SN1-115, SN1-116, SN1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119,SN1-120, SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123, SN1-124, and SN1-125 of alphasynuclein. SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN133 and SN135 are particularlypreferred. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein is 1-X, wherein Xis 119-139. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein bears a mutationassociated with a hereditary LBD, such as an A53T mutation. Optionally,the transgenic animal is a rodent. The transgenic animal can also be aDrosophila. Optionally, the method involves conducting a trial in ahuman having a LBD or an animal model of LBD to determine whether theagent treats or inhibits a symptom of the LBD.

The invention further provides methods of screening an agent for apharmacological activity useful for treating a LBD (e.g., Parkinson'sdisease or DLBD). The methods involve contacting a transgenic animalexpressing alpha-synuclein and processing the alpha-synuclein into afragment with an agent, wherein the fragment is characterized bypresence of at least 100 contiguous amino acids of intactalpha-synuclein and a deletion of 1-25 contiguous amino acids from theC-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein; and determining a level of thefragment in a neuronal cell relative to a baseline level in the absenceof the agent, a reduction in the level of the fragments relative to thebaseline indicating the agent has the pharmacological activity usefulfor treating the LBD. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein has aC-terminus at a residue between 115 and 125 of intact alpha-synuclein.Preferred fragments include SN1-115, SN1-116, SN1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119,SN1-120, SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123, SN1-124, and SN1-125 of alphasynuclein. SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN133 and SN135 are particularlypreferred. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein is 1-X, wherein Xis 130-139. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein bears a mutationassociated with a hereditary LBD, such as an A53T mutation. Optionally,the transgenic animal is a rodent, mouse or Drosophila. Optionally, themethod involves a step of conducting a trial in a human having a LBD oran animal model of LBD to determine whether the agent treats or inhibitsa symptom of the LBD.

The invention further provides a transgenic animal having a genomecomprising a transgene comprising a promoter operably linked to anucleic acid segment encoding a fragment of alpha-synuclein wherein thefragment is characterized by presence of at least 100 contiguous aminoacids of intact alpha-synuclein and a deletion of 1-25 contiguous aminoacids from the C-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein; wherein expressionof the fragment in the transgenic animal disposes the animal to developat least one characteristic of a LBD. Optionally, the fragment ofalpha-synuclein is selected from the group consisting of SN1-115,SN1-116, SN1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119, SN1-120, SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123,SN1-124, and SN1-125. SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN133 and SN135 areparticularly preferred. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein is1-X, wherein X is 130-139. Optionally, the promoter is a PDGF promoter.Optionally, at least one characteristic is an impairment of motorfunction. Optionally, at least one characteristic of the transgenicanimal is an impairment of cognitive function. Optionally, thetransgenic animal is a rodent, mouse or Drosophila.

The invention further provides methods of detecting presence orsusceptibility to an LBD in a patient. The methods involve detecting alevel of a fragment of alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid, whereinthe fragment is characterized by presence of at least 100 contiguousamino acids of intact alpha-synuclein and a deletion of 1-25 contiguousamino acids from the C-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein. A change inlevel, usually an increase, relative to the baseline level in undiseasedindividuals indicating presence or susceptibility to LBD.

The invention further provides an antibody that specifically binds to afragment of alpha-synuclein, wherein the fragment is characterized bypresence of at least 100 contiguous amino acids of intactalpha-synuclein and a deletion of 1-25 contiguous amino acids from theC-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein; without specifically binding tofull-length alpha synuclein. Preferred fragments include SN1-115,SN1-116, SN1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119, SN1-120, SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123,SN1-124, and SN1-125 of alpha synuclein. SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122,SN133 and SN135 are particularly preferred. Optionally, the fragment is1-X, wherein X is 130-139. Optionally, the antibody is a human,humanized, chimeric antibody. Optionally, the antibody is monoclonal.Optionally, the antibody has human isotype IgG1.

The invention further provides methods of diagnosing presence orsusceptibility to LBD. The methods involve administering to a patient anantibody that specifically binds to a fragment of alpha-synuclein havinga free C-terminus at residues 115-135 without specifically binding tofull length synuclein; and determining a level of binding of theantibody in the patients, wherein a higher level of binding relative toa base line level in undiseased individuals indicates presence orsusceptibility to the LBD. Preferably the antibody specifically binds tothe free C-terminus of a fragment selected from the group consisting ofSN1-115, SN1-19, SN1-122, SN133 and SN135.

The invention further provides methods of effecting treatment orprophylaxis of a LBD, comprising administering to a patient sufferingfrom or at risk of a LBD, an effective regime of a fragment ofalpha-synuclein, wherein the fragment is characterized by presence of atleast 100 contiguous amino acids of intact alpha-synuclein and adeletion of 1-25 contiguous amino acids from the C-terminus of intactalpha-synuclein, and thereby effecting treatment or prophylaxis of theLBD. Optionally, the fragment of alpha-synuclein is SN1-115, SN1-116,SN1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119, SN1-120, SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123, SN1-124,and SN1-125 of alpha synuclein. SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN133 andSN135 are particularly preferred. Optionally, the fragment is 1-X,wherein X is 130-139. Optionally, the method further comprisesadministering an adjuvant that augments an immune response comprisingantibodies to the fragment. Optionally, the fragment is linked to acarrier forming a fusion protein, wherein the carrier augments an immuneresponse comprising antibodies to the fragment.

The invention further provides methods of effecting treatment orprophylaxis of a LBD. The method involves administering to a patientsuffering from or at risk of a LBD an effective regime of an antibodythat specifically binds to a fragment of alpha-synuclein, wherein thefragment is selected from the group consisting of SN1-115, SN1-116,SN1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119, SN1-120, SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123, SN1-124,and SN1-125 and 1-X, wherein X is 130-139, without binding to intactalpha-synuclein, whereby the antibody effects prophylaxis or treatmentof the disease. SN1-115, SN1-19, SN1-122, SN133 and SN135 areparticularly preferred.

The invention further provides methods of effecting treatment orprophylaxis of a LBD. The methods comprise administering to a patientsuffering from or at risk of a LBD, an effective regime ofphosphorylated alpha synuclein or a phosphorylated fragment ofalpha-synuclein, wherein the fragment is characterized by presence of atleast 100 contiguous amino acids of intact alpha-synuclein and adeletion of 1-10 contiguous amino acids from the C-terminus of intactalpha-synuclein; and thereby effecting treatment or prophylaxis of theLBD. Optionally, the fragment is SN1-133 or SN1-135. Optionally, themethod further comprises administering an adjuvant that augments animmune response comprising antibodies to the fragment. Optionally, thefragment is linked to a carrier forming a fusion protein, wherein thecarrier augments an immune response comprising antibodies to thefragment.

The invention further provides a method of isolating a protease thatcleaves intact alpha-synuclein to form a fragment, wherein the fragmentis characterized by presence of at least 100 contiguous amino acids ofintact alpha-synuclein and a deletion of 1-25 contiguous amino acidsfrom the C-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein. SN1-115, SN1-119,SN1-122, SN133 and SN135 are particularly preferred. The method involvesidentifying an inhibitor of the protease; contacting the inhibitor witha cellular or tissue extract containing the protease, whereby theprotease binds to the inhibitor; and releasing the protease from theinhibitor. Optionally, the inhibitor is a peptide of alpha-synucleincomprising a contiguous segment of at least 5 residues and up to 20residues of intact alpha-synuclein between positions 111 and 130.Alternatively the peptide is an inhibitor comprising least 5 residues ofintact alpha-synuclein between positions 129 and 139. Optionally, thepeptide comprises a contiguous segment of at least 5 residues betweenpositions 118 and 122. Optionally, the peptide comprises a contiguoussegment of at least four residues between positions 114 and 117.Optionally, at least one of the residues is a transition state analog.

The invention further provides a monoclonal antibody that specificallybinds to an epitope within residues 109-120 of alpha synuclein.Optionally, the monoclonal antibody is chimeric, humanized or human.

The invention further provides a monoclonal antibody that specificallybinds to an epitope within residues 115-123 of alpha synuclein.

The invention further provides a monoclonal antibody that specificallybinds to a discontinuous epitope within residues 43-51 and 58-65 ofalpha synuclein. Optionally, the antibody is chimeric, humanized orhuman.

The invention further provides an end-specific monoclonal antibody thatspecifically binds to isolated full-length alpha-synuclein having a freeC-terminus without specifically binding to a fusion protein comprisingalpha synuclein having a C-terminus linked to a second polypeptide.Optionally, the antibody is chimeric, humanized or human.

The invention further provides methods of detecting presence orsusceptibility to a Lewy body disease in a patient. The methods involvesdetermining a level of alpha-synuclein phosphorylated at position 129 orphosphorylated or nitrated at position 125 of alpha-synuclein in asample from a brain of the patient, an elevated level relative to themean level in a population of undiseased individuals indicating thepatient has or is susceptible to a Lewy body disease. The inventionprovides other methods of detecting presence or susceptibility to a Lewybody disease in a patient by determining a level of ubiquitinated alphasynuclein in a sample from a brain of the patient, an elevated levelrelative to the mean level in a population of undiseased individualsindicating the patient has or is susceptible to a Lewy body disease.Optionally, levels of both phosphorylated alpha-synuclein andubiquitinated alpha-synuclein can be detected.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and B show a Western blot of various extracts from the cortexand hippocampus of a transgenic mouse (B) and a matched control (A) witha polyclonal antibody that binds to an epitope within SN115-122.

FIG. 2 shows a Western blot with the same antibody as FIGS. 1A and B tocompare the level of the truncated form of alpha-synuclein inTriton-X100 extractions of the cortex and hippocampus mice of 3 monthsand 12 months in age.

FIGS. 3A and B shows a Western blot with a different antibody termed12C1 (a monoclonal binding to epitope at amino acids 43-51 and 58-65) ofa Triton extracts from the brain of a transgenic mouse three months old(B) compared with an aged matched control (A).

FIG. 4 shows a further Western blot using the same antibody as FIG. 3 ona Triton extract from the brain of transgenic mice of three and twelvemonths of age.

FIGS. 5 A, B, C, D, E show Western blots with four different antibodies(B, C, D, E) and an epitope map (A) of the binding sites of theantibodies to various extracts from the brains of transgenic mice.

FIGS. 6 A, B, C shows Tris extracts of the brain of a patient with Lewybody disease probed with three different antibodies (A, B, C), subjectto 2-D gel electrophoresis and subjected to Western blotting. All 2Dgels in this document are shown with acidic proteins on the left, morebasic proteins on the right.

FIG. 7A, B, C, D shows additional blots of Tris extracts of the brain ofa patient with Lewy body disease with four antibodies (A, B, C, D) ofadditional specificities.

FIG. 8 summarizes the sites of cleavage relative to the epitopes boundby antibodies used in the Western blotting.

FIGS. 9A, B compares the Tris soluble proteins (A) with proteinsextracted from Lewy bodies (B) by 2D electrophoresis and Westernblotting.

FIGS. 10A, B, C, D show the immunoblots of proteins from Lewy bodiesreprobed with various C-terminal antibodies.

FIGS. 11A, B show Western blots of various extracts of an undiseased andContursi patient probed with an antibody recognizing either total alphasynuclein (A) or specific for phospho-129 alpha synuclein (B).

FIG. 12 Extracted ion chromatogram of C-terminal peptide of SN1-122.

FIG. 13: Extracted ion chromatogram of C-terminal peptide of SN1-119.

FIGS. 14 A, B, C, D, E and F: 2D immunoblot with antibody recognizingtotal synuclein. Dashes mark positions of four rows of C-truncatedsynuclein species. FIGS. 14A, B, C, E, and F show different preparationsfrom different patients and FIG. 14D is a control.

FIGS. 15 A, B: 2D immunoblots comparing ELADW101 (B), which is endspecific for SN1-119 with an antibody to total alpha synuclein (A).Asterisks indicate spots which react with both antibodies. These spotsare identified as SN1-119.

FIGS. 16A and B respectively show labeling of Lewy bodies and neuritiswith the SN1-119 end-specific polyclonal antibody ELADW-101.

FIGS. 17A and B are controls from a normal individual stained withELADW-101.

FIGS. 18A and B are brain sections from a DLBD patient stained withSN1-119 end-specific monoclonal antibody 12C6.

DEFINITIONS

The term “agent” is used to describe a compound that has or may have apharmacological activity. Agents include compounds that are known drugs,compounds for which pharmacological activity has been identified butwhich are undergoing further therapeutic evaluation, and compounds thatare members of collections and libraries that are to be screened for apharmacological activity.

A “pharmacological” activity means that an agent exhibits an activity ina screening system that indicates that the agent is or may be useful inthe prophylaxis or treatment of a disease. The screening system can bein vitro, cellular, animal or human. Agents can be described as havingpharmacological activity notwithstanding that further testing may berequired to establish actual prophylactic or therapeutic utility intreatment of a disease.

In the context of molecular weight determinations based on gelelectrophoresis, the term “about” indicates the standard deviation ofmolecular weight expected due to experimental error in repetitions ofthe method under the same conditions. The molecular weight determinationof 12 kDa for certain fragments of alpha-synuclein applies todeterminations using a tricine buffer.

The phrases “specifically binds” refers to a binding reaction which isdeterminative of the presence of the protein in the presence of aheterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics. Thus, underdesignated conditions, a specified ligand binds preferentially to aparticular protein and does not bind in a significant amount to otherproteins present in the sample. A molecule such as antibody thatspecifically binds to a protein often has an association constant of atleast 10⁶ M⁻¹ or 10⁷ M⁻¹, preferably 10⁸ M⁻¹ to 10⁹ M⁻¹, and morepreferably, about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹ to 10¹¹ M⁻¹ or higher. A variety ofimmunoassay formats may be used to select antibodies specificallyimmunoreactive with a particular protein. For example, solid-phase ELISAimmunoassays are routinely used to select monoclonal antibodiesspecifically immunoreactive with a protein. See, e.g., Harlow and Lane(1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications,New York, for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions thatcan be used to determine specific immunoreactivity.

For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a referencesequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequencecomparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into acomputer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, andsequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequencecomparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity forthe test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on thedesignated program parameters.

Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., bythe local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482(1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J.Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson& Lipman, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988), by computerizedimplementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA inthe Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection (see generallyAusubel et al., supra).

Another example of algorithm that is suitable for determining percentsequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, whichis described in Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990).Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through theNational Center for Biotechnology Information(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). This algorithm involves firstidentifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying shortwords of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfysome positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of thesame length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhoodword score threshold (Altschul et al., supra.). These initialneighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to findlonger HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in bothdirections along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignmentscore can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, fornucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair ofmatching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatchingresidues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is usedto calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in eachdirection are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off bythe quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative scoregoes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or morenegative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence isreached. For identifying whether a nucleic acid or polypeptide is withinthe scope of the invention, the default parameters of the BLAST programsare suitable. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses asdefaults a word length (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=−4,and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTPprogram uses as defaults a word length (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix. The TBLATN program (using proteinsequence for nucleotide sequence) uses as defaults a word length (W) of3, an expectation (E) of 10, and a BLOSUM 62 scoring matrix. (seeHenikoff & Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915 (1989)).

In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLASTalgorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity betweentwo sequences (see, e.g. Karlin & Altschul, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA90:5873-5787 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLASTalgorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides anindication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide oramino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a nucleic acidis considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sumprobability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the referencenucleic acid is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

For purposes of classifying amino acids substitutions as conservative ornon-conservative, amino acids are grouped as follows: Group I(hydrophobic side chains): norleucine, met, ala, val, leu, ile; Group II(neutral hydrophilic side chains): cys, ser, thr; Group III (acidic sidechains): asp, glu; Group IV (basic side chains): asn, gln, his, lys,arg; Group V (residues influencing chain orientation): gly, pro; andGroup VI (aromatic side chains): trp, tyr, phe. Conservativesubstitutions involve substitutions between amino acids in the sameclass. Non-conservative substitutions constitute exchanging a member ofone of these classes for a member of another.

Therapeutic agents of the invention are typically substantially purefrom undesired contaminant. This means that an agent is typically atleast about 50% w/w (weight/weight) purity, as well as beingsubstantially free from interfering proteins and contaminants. Sometimesthe agents are at least about 80% w/w and, more preferably at least 90or about 95% w/w purity. However, using conventional proteinpurification techniques, homogeneous peptides of at least 99% w/w can beobtained.

The term “antibody” or “immunoglobulin” is used to include intactantibodies and binding fragments thereof. Typically, fragments competewith the intact antibody from which they were derived for specificbinding to an antigen fragment including separate heavy chains, lightchains Fab, Fab′ F(ab′)₂, Fabc, and Fv. Fragments are produced byrecombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical separation ofintact immunoglobulins. The term “antibody” also includes one or moreimmunoglobulin chains that are chemically conjugated to, or expressedas, fusion proteins with other proteins. The term “antibody” alsoincludes bispecific antibody. A bispecific or bifunctional antibody isan artificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chainpairs and two different binding sites. Bispecific antibodies can beproduced by a variety of methods including fusion of hybridomas orlinking of Fab′ fragments. See, e.g., Songsivilai & Lachmann, Clin. Exp.Immunol. 79:315-321 (1990); Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148, 1547-1553(1992).

The term “adjuvant” refers to a compound that when administered inconjunction with an antigen augments the immune response to the antigen,but when administered alone does not generate an immune response to theantigen. Adjuvants can augment an immune response by several mechanismsincluding lymphocyte recruitment, stimulation of B and/or T cells, andstimulation of macrophages.

The term “patient” includes human and other mammalian subjects thatreceive either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.

Competition between antibodies is determined by an assay in which theimmunoglobulin under test inhibits specific binding of a referenceantibody to a common antigen, such as alpha-synuclein. Numerous types ofcompetitive binding assays are known, for example: solid phase direct orindirect radioimmunoassay (RIA), solid phase direct or indirect enzymeimmunoassay (EIA), sandwich competition assay (see Stahli et al.,Methods in Enzymology 9:242-253 (1983)); solid phase directbiotin-avidin EIA (see Kirkland et al., J. Immunol. 137:3614-3619(1986)); solid phase direct labeled assay, solid phase direct labeledsandwich assay (see Harlow and Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Press (1988)); solid phase direct label RIA usingI-125 label (see Morel et al., Molec. Immunol. 25(1):7-15 (1988)); solidphase direct biotin-avidin EIA (Cheung et al., Virology 176:546-552(1990)); and direct labeled RIA (Moldenhauer et al., Scand. J. Immunol.32:77-82 (1990)). Typically, such an assay involves the use of purifiedantigen bound to a solid surface or cells bearing either of these, anunlabelled test immunoglobulin and a labeled reference immunoglobulin.Competitive inhibition is measured by determining the amount of labelbound to the solid surface or cells in the presence of the testimmunoglobulin. Usually the test immunoglobulin is present in excess.Antibodies identified by competition assay (competing antibodies)include antibodies binding to the same epitope as the reference antibodyand antibodies binding to an adjacent epitope sufficiently proximal tothe epitope bound by the reference antibody for steric hindrance tooccur. Usually, when a competing antibody is present in excess, it willinhibit specific binding of a reference antibody to a common antigen byat least 50 or 75%.

Epitope co-ordinates are approximate (+2 amino acids). Not every aminoacid within an epitope is necessarily required for binding.

Compositions or methods “comprising” one or more recited elements mayinclude other elements not specifically recited. For example, acomposition that comprises alpha-synuclein peptide encompasses both anisolated alpha-synuclein peptide and alpha-synuclein peptide as acomponent of a larger polypeptide sequence.

Unless otherwise apparent from the context, each embodiment, element,step or feature of the invention can be used in combination with anyother.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

I. General

The invention is premised in part on the identification of novelfragments of alpha-synuclein in patients with Lewy Body Disease (LBD)and transgenic animal models thereof. These diseases are characterizedby aggregations of alpha-synuclein. The fragments have a truncatedC-terminus relative to full-length alpha-synuclein. Some fragments arecharacterized by a molecular weight of about 12 kDa (corresponding toSN1-119), 12.5 kDa (corresponding to SN1-122), 13.5 kDa (which fragmentis found only in patients with LBD) and 15 kDa (probably correspondingto SN1-133 or SN1-135) as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis intricine buffer and a truncation of at least ten contiguous amino acidsfrom the C-terminus of natural alpha-synuclein. The site of cleavagepreferably occurs after residue 115 and before residue 136 of naturalhuman alpha-synuclein. Particularly preferred sites of cleavage arebetween residues 115 and 116, 119 and 120, between residues 122 and 123,between residues 132 and 133 and between residues 135 and 136. Theidentification of these novel fragments of alpha-synuclein has a numberof application in for example, drug discovery, diagnostics,therapeutics, and transgenic animals.

The invention is further premised in part on the result thatphosphorylation synuclein partitions more to the particulate (Lewy bodyenriched fraction) relative to the soluble cytosolic fraction inpatients with synucleinopathic disease relative to controls.Phosphorylation occurs at position 129 of alpha synuclein. Although anunderstanding of mechanism is not required for practice of theinvention, it is proposed that phosphorylation of alpha synuclein drivessubsequent processing to truncated forms (i.e., cleavages betweenresidues between residues 132 and 133 and between residues 135 and 136)and aggregation of alpha synuclein. The invention further shows thatsmall amounts of alpha synuclein in insoluble fractions from patientswith synucleinopathic disease are ubiquitinated at lysine residues 6,10, 12, 21, 23, 32 and 34. Ubiquitination is known to have a role indegradation of proteins (see, e.g., Cierchanover, EMBO J. 17, 7151-7160(1998)). Ubiquitination also renders alpha synuclein prone toaggregation and changes its intracellular path from proteosomes tolysosomes. Thus, ubiquitination can both increase degradation of alphasynuclein and promote its aggregation. Modulation of ubiquitination cantherefore be useful in treating synucleinopathic disease.

The invention provides several methods for screening agents for activityuseful in treating LBDs. Some methods identify agents that inhibit thecleavage reaction that generates the novel fragments of the invention.Other method identify agents that inhibit aggregation of the products ofthe cleavage reaction. Such inhibitors are useful for treatment ofLBD's. Inhibitors of the cleavage reaction are also useful for affinitypurification of the protease responsible for the cleavage reaction.

The invention also provides transgenic animal models and cellsexpressing fragments of alpha-synuclein as described above. Thetransgenic animal models and cells are disposed to developcharacteristics of Lewy body disease, including Lewy bodies containingaggregations of the fragments. The animal models and cells can be usedin the screening methods described above.

The invention further provides end-specific antibodies that specificallybind to fragments of alpha-synuclein without specifically binding tointact alpha-synuclein per se. These antibodies are useful for in vivoimaging of alpha-synuclein aggregations and also in methods oftreatment. The novel alpha-synuclein fragments can also be used inmethods of treatment, optionally, in combination with an adjuvant.

II. Alpha-Synuclein Fragments

Human alpha-synuclein is a peptide of 140 amino acids having thefollowing amino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) MDVFMKGLSK AKEGVVAAAE KTKQGVAEAA GKTKEGVLYV GSKTKEGVVHGVATVAEKTK EQVTNVGGAV VTGVTAVAQK TVEGAGSIAA ATGFVKKDQL GKNEEGAPQEGILEDMPVDP DNEAYEMPSE EGYQDYEPEA(Ueda et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:11282-6); GenBankaccession number: P37840). The protein has three recognized domains, aKTKE repeat domain covering amino acids 1-61, a NAC (Non-amyloidcomponent) domain running from about amino acids 60-95, and a C-terminalacidic domain running from about amino acid 98 to 140.

Some novel fragments of the invention have C-terminal truncations of atleast ten contiguous amino acids, preferably at least 15 contiguousamino acids, and optionally at up to 20, 22, 23 or 25 amino acids. Thefragments include all or substantially all (i.e., at least 100contiguous residues from alpha-synuclein other than the deletion). Somefragments also have relatively short truncations at the N-terminus of upto 20 amino acids, such as deletions of residues 1-4, 1-6, 1-10 and1-12. Some fragments have N-terminal deletions of residues 1-23, 1-38 or1-45. Preferred fragments are SN1-115, SN1-116, 1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119,SN1-120, SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123, SN1-124, SN1-125, SN1-126, SN1-127,SN1-128, SN1-129 and SN1-130. Particularly preferred fragments areSN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-120, SN1-121, SN1-122, SN1-123, SN1-124 andSN1-125. Especially preferred fragments are SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122SN1-133 and SN1-135. The cleavage reaction preferably occurs at apeptide bond between amino acid residues 115 and 116, or 118 and 136,e.g., particularly between residue 119 and 120 or residues 122 and 123or residues 133-134 or residues 135-136.

The C-terminal fragments resulting from cleavage are also included inthe invention and can be used in the methods described below. Thesefragments include SN116-140, SN117-140, SN118-140, SN119-140, SN119-140,SN120-140, SN121-140, SN122-140, SN123-140, SN124-140, SN125-140,SN126-140, SN1-127-140, SN128-140, SN129-140, SN 130-140 and SN131-140.Preferred fragments are SN116-140, SN120-140, SN123-140, SN 134-140 andSN136-140.

Other fragments of the invention include N-terminal fragments ofalpha-synuclein of about 6 to 7 kDa (as determined by SDSelectrophoresis) or 50-80 amino acids. Other fragments of the inventioninclude N-terminal fragments of alpha-synuclein that are free of 1-10amino acids from the C-terminus of intact alpha-synuclein, i.e., SN 1-X,wherein X is 130-139. Some fragments are characterized by specificbinding to antibodies ELADW43 (free N-terminus) and 5C12 (111-118) andlack of specific binding to 8A5 (free C-terminus), LB509 (115-123) andELADW47 (115-122). Some fragments are characterized by specific bindingto ELADW43 (intact N-terminus) and 5C12 (111-118), LB509 (115-123) andELADW47 (115-122) and lack of specific binding to 8A5 (free C-terminus).Some fragments are characterized by specific binding to ELADW43 (freeN-terminus) and 5C12 (111-118), LB509 (115-122) and ELADW47 (118-123)and 8A5 (free C-terminus) and lack of specific binding to ELADW43 (freeN-terminus).

Some fragments or full-length alpha synuclein are phosphorylated atposition 125 or 129 or nitrated at the tyrosine residue occupyingposition 125 of alpha synuclein. Fragments retaining amino acid serine125 or full-length alpha synuclein can also be phosphorylated at thisposition. Detection of enhanced phosphorylation or nitration at position125 or phosphorylation at position 129 in a patient relative to the meanin a population of undiseased individuals is an indication of a Lewybody disease. Detection can be performed using an antibody specific foralpha-synuclein phosphorylated or nitrated at position 125. A level isconsidered enhanced if greater than the mean plus one standard deviationin a population of undiseased individuals.

The invention also provides isolated peptides of up to five or tencontiguous residues of alpha synuclein containing at least one of theabove-mentioned ubiquitination sites. These peptides can be used tocompete with sites in the full-length alpha-synuclein for ubiquitinationor as immunogens to generate antibodies that block ubiquitination offull-length alpha-synuclein.

The fragments of the invention are distinct from the non-Aβ component ofAlzheimer's disease amyloid (NAC) previously reported. This fragmentconsisting of at least 28 amino acids residues (residues 60-87) andoptionally 35 amino acid residues (residues 61-95). See Iwai, et al.,Biochemistry, 34:10139-10145); Jensen et al., Biochem. J. 310 (Pt 1):91-94 (1995); GenBank accession number S56746.

Unless otherwise apparent from the context, reference to alpha-synucleinor its fragments includes the natural human amino acid sequenceindicated above, or fragments thereof, as well as analogs includingallelic, species and induced variants (e.g., E83Q, A90V, A76T). Aminoacids of analogs are assigned the same numbers as corresponding aminoacids in the natural human sequence when the analog and human sequenceare maximally aligned. Analogs typically differ from naturally occurringpeptides at one, two or a few positions, often by virtue of conservativesubstitutions. Some natural allelic variants are genetically associatedwith hereditary LBD. The term “allelic variant” is used to refer tovariations between genes of different individuals in the same speciesand corresponding variations in proteins encoded by the genes. Allelicvariants include E46K, A30P and A53T (the first letter indicates theamino acid in SEQ ID NO:1, the number is the codon position in SEQ IDNO:1, and the second letter is the amino acid in the allelic variant).Analogs can include any combination of allelic variants. The A53Tvariation is associated with enhanced levels of phosphorylation atposition 129 of alpha synuclein in an individual having the mutationrelative to the norm of phosphorylation in undiseased individuals wholack the mutation. Analogs exhibit at least 80 or 90% sequence identitywith natural peptides. Some analogs also include unnatural amino acidsor modifications of N or C terminal amino acids at one, two or a fewpositions. For example, the natural glutamic acid residue can bereplaced with iso-aspartic acid. Examples of unnatural amino acids areD, alpha, alpha-disubstituted amino acids, N-alkyl amino acids, lacticacid, 4-hydroxyproline, gamma-carboxyglutamate,epsilon-N,N,N-trimethyllysine, epsilon-N-acetyllysine, O-phosphoserine,N-acetyl serine, N-formylmethionine, 3-methylhistidine, 5-hydroxylysine,omega-N-methylarginine, β-alanine, ornithine, norleucine, norvaline,hydroxyproline, thyroxine, gamma-amino butyric acid, homoserine,citrulline, and isoaspartic acid. Analogs typically specifically bind toa polyclonal antibody population generated against natural humanalpha-synuclein, and each end of an analog of a specific fragment of anatural human alpha synuclein also specifically bind to a monoclonalantibody that is end specific for the respective end of the naturalfragment. The invention also provides D-peptides, in which D-amino acidscan be substituted for corresponding natural L-amino acids ofalpha-synuclein at most or all positions. A fragment designated in theform SNx-y means a fragment of alpha synuclein that begins at amino acidX and ends at amino acid Y, and contains each amino acid between X andY. Such a fragment can (but need not) be linked to a heterologouspolypeptide but not to other amino acids of human alpha synuclein suchthat the fragment begins before X or ends after Y. Residues in afragment are numbered according to SEQ ID NO:1 when the fragment ismaximally aligned with SEQ ID NO:1 as described above using defaultparameters.

Alpha-synuclein, its fragments, and analogs can be synthesized by solidphase peptide synthesis or recombinant expression, or can be obtainedfrom natural sources. Automatic peptide synthesizers are commerciallyavailable from numerous suppliers, such as Applied Biosystems, FosterCity, Calif. Recombinant expression can be in bacteria, such as E. coli,yeast, insect cells or mammalian cells. Procedures for recombinantexpression are described by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual (C.S.H.P. Press, NY 2d ed., 1989).

III. Lewy Body Diseases

Lewy Body Disease (LBD) is characterized by degeneration of thedopaminergic system, motor alterations, cognitive impairment, andformation of Lewy bodies (LBs). (McKeith et al., Clinical andpathological diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): Report of theCDLB International Workshop, Neurology (1996) 47:1113-24). Lewy Bodiesare spherical protein deposits found in nerve cells. Their presence inthe brain disrupts the brain's normal function interrupting the actionof chemical messengers including acetylcholine and dopamine. Lewy Bodydiseases include Parkinson's disease (including idiopathic Parkinson'sdisease (PD)), Diffuse Lewy Body Disease (DLBD) also known as Dementiawith Lewy Bodies (DLB), Combined Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease andmultiple system atrophy (MSA). DLBD shares symptoms of both Alzheimer'sand Parkinson's disease. DLBD differs from Parkinson's disease mainly inthe location of Lewy Bodies. In DLBD Lewy Bodies form mainly in thecortex. In Parkinson's disease, they form mainly in the substantianigra. Other Lewy Body diseases include Pure Autonomic Failure, Lewybody dysphagia, Incidental LBD, Inherited LBD (e.g., mutations of thealpha-synuclein gene, PARK3 and PARK4) and Multiple System Atrophy(e.g., Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy, Striatonigral Degeneration andShy-Drager Syndrome).

IV. Transgenic Animals and Cells

The invention provides transgenic animals having a genome comprising atransgene comprising a nucleic acid segment encoding a C-terminaltruncated form of alpha-synuclein as described above. Preferredtruncated forms are SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN1-133 and SN1-135. Thetransgene is preferably present in all or substantially of the somaticand germline cells of the transgenic animal. The nucleic acid segmentencoding the C-terminal truncated form of alpha-synuclein is operablylinked to one or more regulatory segments that allow the truncated formof alpha-synuclein to be expressed in neuronal cells of the animal.Promoters such as the rat neuron specific enolase promoter, humanbeta-actin gene promoter, human platelet derived growth factor B(PDGF-B) chain gene promoter, rat sodium channel gene promoter, mousemyelin basic protein gene promoter, human copper-zinc superoxidedismutase gene promoter, and mammalian POU-domain regulatory genepromoter can be used. The PDGF promoter is particularly suitable.Optionally, an inducible promoter is used. The mouse metallothioninepromoter, which can be regulated by addition of heavy metals such aszinc to the mouse's water or diet, is suitable. Such transgenic animalscan be produced by the same general approaches described by (Masliah etal., Am. J. Pathol. (1996) 148:201-10 and Feany et al., Nature (2000)404:394-8)) for transgenic animals with full-length alpha-synuclein orU.S. Pat. No. 5,811,633 (for transgenic animals with a mutant form ofAPP). Optionally, transgenic animals bearing a transgene expressing atruncated alpha-synuclein protein can be crossed with other transgenicmodels of neurogenic disease, such as models of Alzheimer's disease. Forexample, transgenic animals bearing a transgene expressing a truncatedalpha-synuclein protein can be crossed with transgenic animals bearing atransgene expressed APP with a FAD mutation as described by e.g., Gameset al., Nature 373, 523 (1995) McConlogue et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,612,486, Hsiao et al., Science 274, 99 (1996); Staufenbiel et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13287-13292 (1997); Sturchler-Pierrat etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13287-13292 (1997); Borchelt et al.,Neuron 19, 939-945 (1997)). The procedure for performing such a cross isdescribed by e.g., Masliah et al., PNAS USA 98:12245-12250 (2001), whichreports a cross between transgenic mice expressing a full lengthalpha-synuclein with PDAPP mice as described by Games et al Transgenicanimals of the invention are preferably rodents, such as mice or rats,or insects, such as Drosophila. Transgenic animals can be produced byintroduction of a transgene at the germline stage in which case all orsubstantially all (except for rare loss through somatic mutation) of thecells of the transgenic animal include the transgene integrated into thegenome. Transgenes can be introduced by microinjection, nuclear transferor viral infection into cells or animals. Lentiviruses are particularlysuitable for the latter. Alternatively, transgenes can be introduced byviral infection into the brain of the animal. Such transgenes are notpart of the germline of recipient animals but can be targeted to regionsof the brain responsible for disease (e.g., the substantia nigra). Suchanimal models incorporate an alpha synuclein into the genome of braincells and are disposed to develop at least one characteristic ofsynucleinopathic disease. Lentiviruses provide a suitable vehicle for sointroducing an alpha synuclein transgene into the brain (see BrainPathology 13, 364-372 (2003); Bjorklund, Trends Neurosci. 26, 386-92(2003), Lotharius et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277, 38884-94 (2002), Zhou etal., Brain Research 866, 33-43 (2000)).

The expression of truncated forms of alpha-synuclein in animal modelsgives rise to animals disposed to develop at least one characteristic ofa Lewy Body disease. Such characteristics include increased levels ofintracellular deposits of alpha-synuclein, increased formation of Lewybodies, and impaired cognitive and motor functions relative to normalnontransgenic animals of the same species. Such transgenic animals areuseful for screening agents for pharmacological activity in treatingLewy Body disease.

The invention also provides cells transformed with truncatedalpha-synuclein which form inclusion bodies containing aggregatedtruncated alpha-synuclein. The transformed cells are preferably neuronalcells, such as GT1-7 neuronal cells (Hsue et al. Am. J. Pathol.157:401-410 (2000)), PC12 cells or SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. PEAK cellscan also be used. The cells are preferably human cells. A vectorcomprising a segment encoding a truncated form of alpha-synucleinoperably linked to one or more regulatory sequences that ensureexpression of the truncated expression is transfected into the cells.Transfected cells can be used to screen agents for activity in clearingalpha-synuclein inclusions.

V. Screening Methods

The invention provide several screening methods to identify agentshaving a pharmacological activity useful in treating a LBD. The methodsinclude screens that can be performed in vitro, in cells or transgenicanimals, and which test a variety of parameters as an indication ofactivity. Agents determined to have an activity in these screens can beretested in secondary screens of animal models of LBD or in clinicaltrials to determine activity against behavioral or other symptoms ofthese diseases.

1. In Vitro

In vitro assays are performed to test the capacity of an agent toinhibit aggregation of truncated forms of alpha-synuclein, particularlySN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN1-133 and SN1-135. The basis format foranalyzing in vitro aggregation of alpha-synuclein, albeit in the contextof full-length alpha-synuclein, is described by (Wood, J. Biol. Chem.274, 19509-19512 (1999)). Truncated fragments can be phosphorylated forperforming the assay. The assay can also be performed with full-lengthphosphorylated alpha synuclein. Phosphorylation is preferably atposition 129. Synuclein can be phosphorylated in vitro using a serinekinase. In the present methods, the assay is performed in the presenceof an agent being tested. The rate or extent of aggregation ofalpha-synuclein in the presence of an agent is determined and comparedwith the rate or extent of aggregation of alpha-synuclein in acontemporaneous or historical control in which the agent was omitted. Areduction in the rate or extent of aggregation in the presence of theagent relative to the control indicates that the agent has activity ininhibiting aggregation of truncated forms of alpha-synuclein. Thisactivity is potentially useful in treating or preventing Lewy Bodydiseases.

2. Cellular Assays

Some cellular assays are performed on cells transfected with nucleicacids encoding truncated forms of alpha-synuclein as described above(particularly SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN1-133 and SN1-135),optionally with a hereditary variation, such as Ala30Pro or Ala53Thr.Cells can also bear mutations in other genes associated with Parkinson'sdisease, such as leucine rich repeat kinase PARK8. Such cells arecontacted with an agent under test, and the rate of extent ofaggregation of the truncated alpha-synuclein is measured. The rate ofextent of aggregation of alpha-synuclein is then compared to that ofsimilarly transfected control cells in the absence of the agent.Aggregation can be monitored by immunohistochemical analysis, lightmicroscopy, sedimentation, or by gel analysis. Gel analysis can detectformation of dimmers, trimers or higher oligomers as well as inabilityof synuclein to enter gels due to a high level of oligomerization. Areduction in the rate or extent of aggregation in the presence of thetest agent relative to the control indicates the agent has activity hasa pharmacological activity in inhibiting aggregation of truncated formsof alpha-synuclein. This activity is potentially useful in treating orpreventing Lewy Body diseases.

Other cellular assays are performed on cells transfected with nucleicacids encoding full-length alpha-synuclein, optionally with a hereditaryvariation, such as Ala30Pro or Ala53Thr. Cells can also have mutationsin other genes associated with Parkinson's disease such as leucine richrepeat kinase, PARK8. Similar assays can also be performed on cellsnaturally expressing alpha synuclein. Such cells are contacted with anagent under test and the rate or extent of formation of truncated formsof alpha-synuclein (particularly SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN1-133 andSN1-135) and/or phosphorylated or nitrated forms of synuclein is/aremeasured. The presence of these forms can be detected by Westernblotting using one or more antibodies to alpha-synuclein. End specificantibodies (i.e., antibodies that bind to a truncated form withoutbinding to full length alpha-synuclein) are particularly useful for thisanalysis. Collections of antibodies having different epitopespecificities can also be used. For example, presence of truncated formsof alpha-synuclein can be shown by presence of bands when blotted withantibodies recognizing an epitope N-terminal of an amino acid segmentdefined approximately by amino acids 115-125 or 118-135 (particularlySN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122, SN1-133, and SN1-135) of intactalpha-synuclein, and, and lack of bands when blotted with an antibodyrecognizing an epitope C-terminal of this region. The rate or extent offormation of truncated forms of alpha-synuclein and/or phosphorylated ornitrated forms in the presence of agent is compared with that ofcomparable control cells in the absence of agent. A reduction in therate or extent of formation of truncated forms of alpha-synuclein in thepresence of the test agent relative to the control indicates that theagent has a pharmacological activity that inhibits processing ofalpha-synuclein to its truncated forms. This activity is useful fortreating or preventing LBD.

3. Transgenic Animal Assays

Transgenic animals have a transgene expressing a truncated form ofalpha-synuclein as described above (particularly SN1-115, SN1-119,SN1-122, SN1-133 or SN1-135), optionally with a hereditary variation,such as Ala30Pro or Ala53Thr. Transgenic animals can also bear mutationsin other genes associated with Parkinson's disease such as leucine richrepeat kinase, PARK8. Such an animal is contacted with an agent undertest, and the rate of extent of aggregation of the truncated form ofalpha-synuclein is measured compared with that in a contemporaneous orhistorical control. The control is usually a similar transgenic animalof the same species that has not been exposed to the agent. Aggregationof alpha-synuclein in a transgenic animal can be monitored by Westernblotting or immunohistochemistry as described in the examples.Alternatively or additional, activity of the agent in such transgenicanimals can be determined from behavioral characteristics such as motoror cognitive characteristics, as described in the Examples. In suchassays, pharmacological activity of the agent is shown by improved motoror cognitive characteristics (i.e., decrease impairment of suchcharacteristics) relative to a comparable control transgenic animal notexposed to the agent.

Other assays are performed on transgenic animals having a transgeneexpressing a full-length form of alpha-synuclein, optionally with ahereditary variation, such as Ala30Pro or Ala53, or mutations in othergenes associated with Parkinson's disease such as leucine rich repeatkinase, PARK8. Similar assays can be performed on nontransgenic animalsexpressing endogenous alpha synuclein. Such animals are contacted withan agent under test, and the rate or extent of appearance of truncatedforms of alpha-synuclein (particularly SN1-115, SN1-119, SN1-122,SN1-133 or SN1-135) is detected, optionally with a hereditary variation,such as Ala30Pro or Ala53Th. Such forms can be detected using Westernblotting or immunohistochemical analysis using appropriateanti-alpha-synuclein antibodies (as described for the cellular assays).The rate of extent of appearance of truncated forms of alpha-synucleinand/or phosphorylated or nitrated forms is compared with the rate orextent of appearance of such forms in a contemporaneous or historicalcontrol constituting a comparable transgenic animal that has not beenexposed to the agent. A reduction in the rate or extent of appearance ofthe truncated forms of alpha-synuclein in the animal exposed to the testagent relative to the control indicates that agent has activity ininhibiting processing of full-length alpha-synuclein to truncated forms.

4. Agents to be Screened

Agents to be screened include antibodies to alpha-synuclein, peptides ofalpha-synuclein, drugs known or suspected to have activity in treating aLBD, natural products, and combinatorial libraries. Preferred peptidesof alpha-synuclein are relatively short peptides of 30, 25, 20 10, 5 orfewer amino acid including amino acids 114-117, 117-126, 118-125,117-120, 120-124, 130-136, 132-138, 131-135, 132-134, 133-137, 134-136of alpha-synuclein. Optionally, an amino acid immediately on theN-terminal side of the cleavage site that generates C-terminal truncatedforms of alpha-synuclein is replaced with a transition state analogamino acid that forms a nonhydrolizable bond between the two amino acidsflanking the cleavage site, e.g., between residues 115-116, 119-120,122-123, 133-134 and 135-136 of alpha synuclein. Examples of analogs aretransition state analogs are statine, hydroxyethelene,hydroxyethelamine, AHPPA, ACHPA, and derivatives thereof. One or moreamino acids of a natural alpha-synuclein sequence can also besubstituted with other natural amino acids.

Natural products to be screened can also be obtained from the NationalCancer Institute's Natural Product Repository, Bethesda, Md. Randomlibraries of peptides or other compounds can also be screened forsuitability. Combinatorial libraries can be produced for many types ofcompounds that can be synthesized in a step-by-step fashion. Suchcompounds include polypeptides, beta-turn mimetics, polysaccharides,phospholipids, hormones, prostaglandins, steroids, aromatic compounds,heterocyclic compounds, benzodiazepines, oligomeric N-substitutedglycines and oligocarbamates. Large combinatorial libraries of thecompounds can be constructed by the encoded synthetic libraries (ESL)method described in Affymax, WO 95/12608, Affymax, WO 93/06121, ColumbiaUniversity, WO 94/08051, Pharmacopeia, WO 95/35503 and Scripps, WO95/30642 (each of which is incorporated herein by reference for allpurposes). Peptide libraries can also be generated by phage displaymethods. See, e.g., Devlin, WO 91/18980. Combinatorial libraries andother compounds can initially be screened for suitability by determiningtheir capacity to bind to alpha-synuclein.

VI. Toxicity Assays

Analogous strategies to those described in the screening assays can beused to determine whether existing drugs, foods, environmental toxins,and other compounds exert toxic effects via promotion of alpha-synucleinprocessing, phosphorylation or aggregation. Such assays are performed inthe same manner as the screening assays. Toxic activity is indicated bythe opposite result to pharmacological activity in the screening assays.

VII. Isolation of Protease

Processing of full-length alpha-synuclein to the truncated forms of theinvention is effected by a protease. The protease can be purified usingan inhibitor identified by the screening methods discussed above. Apreferred inhibitor is a peptide of alpha-synuclein of e.g., up to 20contiguous amino acids from SEQ ID NO:1 including residues 114-117,111-126, 113-126, 113-119, 117-121 or 120-125, or 130-136, 132-138,131-135, 133-134, 133-137, or 135-136, in which a residue N-terminal tothe cleavage site (e.g., between residues 115-116, 119-120, 122-123,133-134 and 135-136) has been replaced by a transition state analog.Such an inhibitor is used as an affinity purification reagent to purifythe protease from extracts of brain cells. Such cells can be obtainedfrom cadaver of a normal individual or one who has suffered from a LBDdisease. Levels of protease may be elevated in the latter. The proteasecan be assayed by presenting it with an alpha-synuclein substrate andmonitoring formation of cleavage products. End-specific antibodiesdescribed below are useful for detection of cleavage products. Thesubstrate can be, for example, the natural human form of alpha-synucleindescribed above, a fragment thereof containing residues flanking bothsides of the cleavage site, or a mutant form thereof in which themutation is associated with a hereditary form of LBD. Optionally, theC-terminus of the substrate can be immobilized to the solid phase, andthe N-terminus to a label. Cleavage of the substrate releases the labelto the liquid phase. The liquid phase can readily be separated from thesolid phase, and the amount of label quantified as a measure ofproteolytic activity.

VIII. End-Specific Antibodies

The invention provides end-specific antibodies. Such antibodiesspecifically bind to a truncated form of alpha-synuclein (at theC-terminus), preferably a form selected of the group consisting ofSN1-115, SN1-116, SN1-117, SN1-118, SN1-119, 1-120, 1-121, 1-122, 1-123,1-124, 1-125, 1-126 without specifically binding to full-lengthalpha-synuclein. Preferred antibodies are end-specific for SN1-115,SN1-119, SN1-122, SN1-133 and SN1-135. Such antibodies are useful for invivo imaging of alpha-synuclein deposits, as therapeutic agents (seebelow), and for detecting cleavage products resulting from proteolyticcleavage of alpha-synuclein in the screening methods described above.End-specific antibodies are also provided to corresponding C-terminalfragments, e.g., 116-140, 117-140, 118-140, 119-140, 120-140, 121-140,122-140, 123-140, 124-140, 125-140, 126-140, 134-140 and 136-140.Preferred fragments are 116-140, 120-140, 123-140, 134-140 and 136-140.The end-specific antibodies recognize the N-terminus of these fragmentssuch that they specifically bind to the fragment without specificallybinding to full-length alpha synuclein.

Preferred end specific antibodies are ELADW-101 (polyclonal) and 12C6(monoclonal) specific for the C-terminus of SN1-119, and ELADW-105(polyclonal) and 7G8 (monoclonal) specific for the C-terminus ofSN1-122. The monoclonals are mouse monoclonals expressed by hybridomasproduced by conventional methods.

Such antibodies can be generated by immunizing a laboratory animal withalpha-synuclein or a fragment thereof to induce antibodies, andscreening the resulting antibodies to identify those having the desiredbinding specificity. Optionally, immunization can be performed withrelatively short peptides of less than 20 amino acids, usually 7 or 8amino acids that include the C-terminus of the truncated fragments ofthe invention (e.g., SN 99-118, SN106-115, SN 110-119, SN-113-122,SN126-133, SN128-135. Optionally, such short peptides are linked to acarrier that helps elicit an immune response. For example, the peptideCGGDMPVD which corresponds to amino acids SN 115-119 with a CGG linkeris useful for generating antibodies such as ELADW-101 and 12C6, and thepeptide CGGVDPDN which corresponds to amino acids 118-122 with a CGGlinker is useful for generating antibodies ELADW-105 and 7G8.

Optionally, specific binding to a labeled or immobilized truncatedfragment can be performed in competition with unlabelled full-lengthalpha-synuclein. Optionally, large libraries of antibodies can bescreened simultaneously using the phage display technique.

The production of non-human monoclonal antibodies, e.g., murine, guineapig, primate, rabbit or rat, can be performed as described by Harlow &Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual (CSHP NY, 1988) (incorporated byreference for all purposes). Complete Freund's adjuvant followed byincomplete adjuvant is preferred for immunization of laboratory animals.Rabbits or guinea pigs are typically used for making polyclonalantibodies. Mice are typically used for making monoclonal antibodies.Binding can be assessed, for example, by Western blot or ELISA. Thesmallest fragment to show specific binding to the antibody defines theepitope of the antibody. Alternatively, epitope specificity can bedetermined by a competition assay is which a test and reference antibodycompete for binding to alpha-synuclein. If the test and referenceantibodies compete, then they bind to the same epitope or epitopessufficiently proximal that binding of one antibody interferes withbinding of the other.

Chimeric and humanized antibodies have the same or similar bindingspecificity and affinity as a mouse or other nonhuman antibody thatprovides the starting material for construction of a chimeric orhumanized antibody. Chimeric antibodies are antibodies whose light andheavy chain genes have been constructed, typically by geneticengineering, from immunoglobulin gene segments belonging to differentspecies. For example, the variable (V) segments of the genes from amouse monoclonal antibody may be joined to human constant (C) segments,such as IgG1 and IgG4. Human isotype IgG1 is preferred. In some methods,the isotype of the antibody is human IgG1. IgM antibodies can also beused in some methods. A typical chimeric antibody is thus a hybridprotein consisting of the V or antigen-binding domain from a mouseantibody and the C or effector domain from a human antibody.

Humanized antibodies have variable region framework residuessubstantially from a human antibody (termed an acceptor antibody) andcomplementarity determining regions substantially from a mouse-antibody,(referred to as the donor immunoglobulin). See, Queen et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029-10033 (1989), WO 90/07861, U.S. Pat. No.5,693,762, U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,761, U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089, U.S. Pat.No. 5,530,101, and Winter, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539 (each of which isincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Theconstant region(s), if present, are also substantially or entirely froma human immunoglobulin. The human variable domains are usually chosenfrom human antibodies whose framework sequences exhibit a high degree ofsequence identity with the murine variable region domains from which theCDRs were derived. The heavy and light chain variable region frameworkresidues can be derived from the same or different human antibodysequences. The human antibody sequences can be the sequences ofnaturally occurring human antibodies or can be consensus sequences ofseveral human antibodies. See Carter et al., WO 92/22653. Certain aminoacids from the human variable region framework residues are selected forsubstitution based on their possible influence on CDR conformationand/or binding to antigen. Investigation of such possible influences isby modeling, examination of the characteristics of the amino acids atparticular locations, or empirical observation of the effects ofsubstitution or mutagenesis of particular amino acids.

Human antibodies against alpha-synuclein are provided by a variety oftechniques described below. Some human antibodies are selected bycompetitive binding experiments, or otherwise, to have the same epitopespecificity as a particular mouse antibody. Techniques for producinghuman antibodies include the trioma methodology of Oestberg et al.,Hybridoma 2:361-367 (1983); Oestberg, U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,664; andEngleman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,666 (each of which is incorporatedby reference in its entirety for all purposes), use of non-humantransgenic mammals having transgenes encoding at least a segment of thehuman immunoglobulin locus as described by, e.g., Lonberg et al.,WO93/1222, U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,397, U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,299, U.S. Pat.No. 5,814,318, U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,650, U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,429, U.S.Pat. No. 5,661,016, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,425, U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,126,U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,825, U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,806, Nature 148, 1547-1553(1994), Nature Biotechnology 14, 826 (1996), Kucherlapati, WO 91/10741(each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for allpurposes) and phage display methods see, e.g., Dower et al., WO 91/17271and McCafferty et al., WO 92/01047, U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,218, U.S. Pat.No. 5,871,907, U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,657, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,242, U.S.Pat. No. 5,733,743 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332 (each of which isincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes).

The heavy and light chain variable regions of chimeric, humanized, orhuman antibodies can be linked to at least a portion of a human constantregion. The choice of constant region depends, in part, whetherantibody-dependent complement and/or cellular mediated toxicity isdesired. For example, isotopes IgG1 and IgG3 have complement activityand isotypes IgG2 and IgG4 do not. Choice of isotype can also affectpassage of antibody into the brain. Human isotype IgG1 is preferred.Light chain constant regions can be lambda or kappa. Antibodies can beexpressed as tetramers containing two light and two heavy chains, asseparate heavy chains, light chains, as Fab, Fab′ F(ab′)₂, and Fv, or assingle chain antibodies in which heavy and light chain variable domainsare linked through a spacer.

In another embodiment, monoclonal antibodies specifically binding to anepitope within residues 109-120, or 115-122, of alpha synuclein, or adiscontinuous epitope within residues 43-51 and 58-65, or end-specificto the C-terminus of alpha-synuclein are also provided, includinghumanized, chimeric and human forms thereof. An end-specific antibody tothe C-terminus of alpha-synuclein can be recognized by capacity tospecifically bind to alpha-synuclein as a free protein withoutspecifically binding to alpha synuclein as a component of a fusionprotein when the C-terminus of alpha-synuclein is linked to a secondpeptide. These antibodies can be screened for therapeutic activity, andif positive results are obtained, can be used in therapeutic methods.The antibodies can also be used in detecting fragments ofalpha-synuclein as described above.

IX. Diagnostics

The invention provides methods of in vivo imaging LBs in a patient. Suchmethods are useful to diagnose or confirm diagnosis of a Lewy Bodydisease of PD or susceptibility thereto. For example, the methods can beused on a patient presenting with symptoms of dementia. If the patienthas LBs, then the patient is likely suffering from a Lewy Body disease.The methods can also be used on asymptomatic patients. Presence ofabnormal deposits of amyloid indicates susceptibility to futuresymptomatic disease. The methods are also useful for monitoring diseaseprogression and/or response to treatment in patients who have beenpreviously diagnosed with a Lewy Body disease.

The methods work by administering an end-specific antibody as describedabove that binds to alpha-synuclein in the patient and then detectingthe antibody after it has bound. If desired, a clearing response can beavoided by using antibody fragments lacking a full length constantregion, such as Fabs. In some methods, the same antibody can serve asboth a treatment and diagnostic reagent.

Diagnostic imaging can also be performed using an antibody specific forphosphorylated alpha synuclein, such as the 11A5 (phosphor-specific) or5C12 (binds to phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of alphasynuclein) monoclonal described in copending application Ser. No.10/984,192. Presence of phosphorylated alpha synuclein associated withdeposits of alpha synuclein is an indication of synucleinopathic diseaseor susceptibility thereto. Presence of ubiquitinated alpha-synuclein isalso a marker of disease. Such can be detected using a two step assay inwhich alpha-synuclein is precipitated with a first antibody toalpha-synuclein, and the amount of ubiquitinated alpha-synuclein isdetected using an antibody to ubiquitin.

Diagnostic reagents can be administered by intravenous injection intothe body of the patient, or directly into the brain by intracranialinjection or by drilling a hole through the skull. The dosage of reagentshould be within the same ranges as for treatment methods. Typically,the reagent is labeled, although in some methods, the primary reagentwith affinity for alpha-synuclein is unlabelled and a secondary labelingagent is used to bind to the primary reagent. The choice of labeldepends on the means of detection. For example, a fluorescent label issuitable for optical detection. Use of paramagnetic labels is suitablefor tomographic detection without surgical intervention. Radioactivelabels can also be detected using PET or SPECT.

Diagnosis is performed by comparing the number, size and/or intensity oflabeled loci to corresponding base line values. The base line values canrepresent the mean levels in a population of undiseased individuals.Base line values can also represent previous levels determined in thesame patient. For example, base line values can be determined in apatient before beginning treatment, and measured values thereaftercompared with the base line values. A decrease in values relative tobase line signals a positive response to treatment.

End-specific antibodies are also useful to determine whether truncatedforms of alpha-synuclein are present in cerebrospinal fluid or otherbody tissues or fluids. Presence of such forms at significantly changed,usually greater, levels (i.e., greater or less than mean plus onestandard deviation) in a patient relative to the normal level in apopulation of undiseased individuals is indicative of presence orsusceptibility to a LBD.

X. Methods of Treatment

The invention provides several methods of preventing or treating LewyBody disease in patients suffering from or at risk of such disease.Therapeutic agents include the truncated forms of alpha-synucleindescribed above, particularly SN1-115, SN-1-119, SN1-122, SN1-133 andSN1-135 and fragments thereof effective to induce antibodies,end-specific antibodies as described above, and inhibitors ofaggregation of truncated fragments of alpha-synuclein or proteolyticprocessing of alpha-synuclein as described above. Optionally, thefragments are phosphorylated particularly at position 129. Other agentsinclude full-length phosphorylated alpha synuclein, preferably atposition 129, agents that inhibit phosphorylation of alpha synuclein, orwhich promote removal of phosphorylated alpha synuclein byubiquitination or otherwise, or which promote or inhibit ubiquitination.General approaches for administering agents to patients suffering or atrisk of LBD are described in copending application U.S. Ser. No.60/423,012 filed Nov. 1, 2002, and PCT US00/15239 filed Jun. 1, 2000,and PCT/US03/34527, filed Oct. 31, 2003, each of which are incorporatedby reference in their entirety for all purposes, including allreferences cited therein.

Patients amenable to treatment include individuals at risk of disease ofa LBD but not showing symptoms, as well as patients presently showingsymptoms. Therefore, the present methods can be administeredprophylactically to individuals who have a known genetic risk of a LBD.Such individuals include those having relatives who have experiencedthis disease, and those whose risk is determined by analysis of geneticor biochemical markers. Genetic markers of risk toward PD includemutations in the alpha-synuclein or Parkin, UCHL1, and CYP2D6 genes;particularly mutations at positions 30 and 53 of the alpha-synucleingene. Individuals presently suffering from Parkinson's disease can berecognized from its clinical manifestations including resting tremor,muscular rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability.

In some methods, the patient is free of clinical symptoms or riskfactors any amyloidogenic disease other than one characterized by Lewybodies. In some methods, the patient is free of clinical symptoms orrisk factors of any disease characterized by extracellular amyloiddeposits. In some methods, the patient is free of diseases characterizedby amyloid deposits of Aβ peptide. In some methods, the patient is freeof clinical symptoms and risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. In somemethods, the patient has concurrent Alzheimer's disease and a diseasecharacterized by Lewy bodies. In some methods, the patient hasconcurrent Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

In asymptomatic patients, treatment can begin at any age (e.g., 10, 20,30). Usually, however, it is not necessary to begin treatment until apatient reaches 40, 50, 60 or 70. Treatment typically entails multipledosages over a period of time. Treatment can be monitored by assayingantibody, or activated T-cell or B-cell responses to a therapeutic agent(e.g., a truncated form of alpha-synuclein peptide) over time. If theresponse falls, a booster dosage is indicated.

In prophylactic applications, pharmaceutical compositions or medicamentsare administered to a patient susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of aLBD in regime comprising an amount and frequency of administration ofthe composition or medicament sufficient to eliminate or reduce therisk, lessen the severity, or delay the outset of the disease, includingphysiological, biochemical, histologic and/or behavioral symptoms of thedisease, its complications and intermediate pathological phenotypespresenting during development of the disease. In therapeuticapplications, compositions or medicates are administered to a patientsuspected of, or already suffering from such a disease in a regimecomprising an amount and frequency of administration of the compositionsufficient to cure, or at least partially arrest, the symptoms of thedisease (physiological, biochemical, histologic and/or behavioral),including its complications and intermediate pathological phenotypes indevelopment of the disease. An amount adequate to accomplish therapeuticor prophylactic treatment is defined as a therapeutically- orprophylactically-effective dose. A combination of amount and dosagefrequency adequate to accomplish therapeutic or prophylactic treatmentis defined as a therapeutically or prophylactically-effective regime. Inboth prophylactic and therapeutic regimes, agents are usuallyadministered in several dosages until a sufficient immune response hasbeen achieved. Typically, the immune response is monitored and repeateddosages are given if the immune response starts to wane.

In some methods, administration of an agent results in reduction ofintracellular levels of aggregated alpha-synuclein. In some methods,administration of the agent results in a reduction in levels ofC-terminal truncated forms of alpha-synculein. In some methods,administration of an agent results in improvement in a clinical symptomof a LBD, such as motor or cognitive function in the case of Parkinson'sdisease. In some methods, reduction in intracellular levels ofaggregated alpha-synuclein or improvement in a clinical symptom ofdisease is monitored at intervals after administration of an agent.

Effective doses of the compositions of the present invention, for thetreatment of the above described conditions vary depending upon manydifferent factors, including means of administration, target site,physiological state of the patient, whether the patient is human or ananimal, other medications administered, and whether treatment isprophylactic or therapeutic. Usually, the patient is a human butnonhuman mammals including transgenic mammals can also be treated.Treatment dosages need to be titrated to optimize safety and efficacy.

In some methods, the agent is a truncated fragment of alpha-synuclein ora fragment thereof capable of inducing antibodies to alpha-synuclein.The amount of such a fragment depends on whether adjuvant is alsoadministered, with higher dosages being required in the absence ofadjuvant. The amount of a fragment for administration sometimes variesfrom 1-500 μg per patient and more usually from 5-500 μg per injectionfor human administration. Occasionally, a higher dose of 1-2 mg perinjection is used. Typically about 10, 20, 50 or 100 μg is used for eachhuman injection. The mass of fragment also depends on the mass ratio ofimmunogenic epitope within the fragment to the mass of fragment as awhole. Typically, 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁵ micromoles of immunogenic epitope areused for microgram of fragment. The timing of injections can varysignificantly from once a day, to once a year, to once a decade. On anygiven day that a dosage of immunogen is given, the dosage is greaterthan 1 μg/patient and usually greater than 10 μg/patient if adjuvant isalso administered, and greater than 10 μg/patient and usually greaterthan 100 μg/patient in the absence of adjuvant. A typical regimenconsists of an immunization followed by booster injections at timeintervals, such as 6 week intervals. Another regimen consists of animmunization followed by booster injections 1, 2 and 12 months later.Another regimen entails an injection every two months for life.Alternatively, booster injections can be on an irregular basis asindicated by monitoring of immune response.

Truncated fragments of alpha-synuclein can also be administered in theform of nucleic acids encoding the fragments operably linked to one ormore regulatory elements to ensure expression of the truncated fragmentof alpha-synuclein. Doses for nucleic acids encoding immunogens rangefrom about 10 ng to 1 g, 100 ng to 100 mg, 1 μg to 10 mg, or 30-300 μgDNA per patient. Doses for infectious viral vectors vary from 10-100, ormore, virions per dose.

Some methods involve passive immunization with an end-specific antibody.In such methods, the dosage ranges from about 0.0001 to 100 mg/kg, andmore usually 0.01 to 5 mg/kg, of the host body weight. For exampledosages can be 1 mg/kg body weight or 10 mg/kg body weight or within therange of 1-10 mg/kg or, in other words, 70 mg or 700 mg or within therange of 70-700 mg, respectively, for a 70 kg patient. An exemplarytreatment regime entails administration once per every two weeks or oncea month or once every 3 to 6 months. In some methods, two or moremonoclonal antibodies with different binding specificities areadministered simultaneously, in which case the dosage of each antibodyadministered falls within the ranges indicated. Antibody is usuallyadministered on multiple occasions. Intervals between single dosages canbe weekly, monthly or yearly. Intervals can also be irregular asindicated by measuring blood levels of antibody to alpha-synuclein inthe patient. In some methods, dosage is adjusted to achieve a plasmaantibody concentration of 1-1000 μg/ml and in some methods 25-300 μg/ml.Alternatively, antibody can be administered as a sustained releaseformulation, in which case less frequent administration is required.Dosage and frequency vary depending on the half-life of the antibody inthe patient. In general, human antibodies show the longest half life,followed by humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, and nonhumanantibodies. The dosage and frequency of administration can varydepending on whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic. Inprophylactic applications, a relatively low dosage is administered atrelatively infrequent intervals over a long period of time. Somepatients continue to receive treatment for the rest of their lives. Intherapeutic applications, a relatively high dosage at relatively shortintervals is sometimes required until progression of the disease isreduced or terminated, and preferably until the patient shows partial orcomplete amelioration of symptoms of disease. Thereafter, the patent canbe administered a prophylactic regime.

Therapeutic agents can be administered by parenteral, topical,intravenous, oral, subcutaneous, intraarterial, intracranial,intrathecal, intraperitoneal, intranasal or intramuscular means forprophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment. The most typical route ofadministration of an immunogenic agent is subcutaneous although otherroutes can be equally effective. The next most common route isintramuscular injection. This type of injection is most typicallyperformed in the arm or leg muscles. In some methods, agents areinjected directly into a particular tissue where deposits haveaccumulated, for example intracranial injection. Intramuscular injectionor intravenous infusion is preferred for administration of antibody. Insome methods, particular therapeutic antibodies are injected directlyinto the cranium. In some methods, antibodies are administered as asustained release composition or device, such as a Medipad™ device.Small molecules that act by inhibiting protease processing ofalpha-synuclein can be administered intravenously if the small moleculespass through the blood brain barrier sufficiently for therapeutic orprophylactic efficacy or directly into the cranium otherwise.

Agents of the invention can optionally be administered in combinationwith other agents that are at least partly effective in treatment ofLBD. Agents of the invention can also be administered in conjunctionwith other agents that increase passage of the agents of the inventionacross the blood-brain barrier.

Immunogenic agents are sometimes administered in combination with anadjuvant. A variety of adjuvants can be used in combination with apeptide, such as alpha-synuclein, to elicit an immune response.Preferred adjuvants augment the intrinsic response to an immunogenwithout causing conformational changes in the immunogen that affect thequalitative form of the response. Preferred adjuvants include aluminumhydroxide and aluminum phosphate, 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A(MPL™) (see GB 2220211 (RIBI ImmunoChem Research Inc., Hamilton, Mont.,now part of Corixa). Stimulon™ QS-21 is a triterpene glycoside orsaponin isolated from the bark of the Quillaja Saponaria Molina treefound in South America (see Kensil et al., in Vaccine Design: TheSubunit and Adjuvant Approach (eds. Powell & Newman, Plenum Press, NY,1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540), (Aquila BioPharmaceuticals, Framingham,Mass.). Other adjuvants are oil in water emulsions (such as squalene orpeanut oil) optionally in combination with immune stimulants, such asmonophosphoryl lipid A (see Stoute et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 86-91(1997)), pluronic polymers, and killed mycobacteria. Another adjuvant isCpG (WO 98/40100). Alternatively, alpha-synuclein can be coupled to anadjuvant. However, such coupling should not substantially change theconformation of alpha-synuclein so as to affect the nature of the immuneresponse thereto. Adjuvants can be administered as a component of atherapeutic composition with an active agent or can be administeredseparately, before, concurrently with, or after administration of thetherapeutic agent.

A preferred class of adjuvants is aluminum salts (alum), such as alumhydroxide, alum phosphate, alum sulfate. Such adjuvants can be used withor without other specific immunostimulating agents such as MPL or 3-DMP,QS-21, polymeric or monomeric amino acids such as polyglutamic acid orpolylysine. Another class of adjuvants is oil-in-water emulsionformulations. Such adjuvants can be used with or without other specificimmunostimulating agents such as muramyl peptides (e.g.,N-acetylmuramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP),N-acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (nor-MDP),N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-(1′-2′dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine(MTP-PE),N-acetylglucsaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-A1-D-isoglu-L-Ala-dipalmitoxypropylamide (DTP-DPP) Theramide™), or other bacterial cell wallcomponents. Oil-in-water emulsions include (a) MF59 (WO 90/14837),containing 5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween 80, and 0.5% Span 85 (optionallycontaining various amounts of MTP-PE) formulated into submicronparticles using a microfluidizer such as Model 110Y microfluidizer(Microfluidics, Newton Mass.), (b) SAF, containing 10% Squalene, 0.4%Tween 80, 5% pluronic-blocked polymer L121, and thr-MDP, eithermicrofluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed to generate alarger particle size emulsion, and (c) Ribi™ adjuvant system (RAS),(Ribi ImmunoChem, Hamilton, Mont.) containing 2% squalene, 0.2% Tween80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components from the groupconsisting of monophosphoryllipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM),and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (Detox™).

Another class of preferred adjuvants is saponin adjuvants, such asStimulon™ (QS-21, Aquila, Framingham, Mass.) or particles generatedthere from such as ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes) and ISCOMATRIX.Other adjuvants include RC-529, GM-CSF and Complete Freund's Adjuvant(CFA) and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA). Other adjuvants includecytokines, such as interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12,IL13, and IL-15), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF),granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumornecrosis factor (TNF). Another class of adjuvants is glycolipidanalogues including N-glycosylamides, N-glycosylureas andN-glycosylcarbamates, each of which is substituted in the sugar residueby an amino acid, as immuno-modulators or adjuvants (see U.S. Pat. No.4,855,283). Heat shock proteins, e.g., HSP70 and HSP90, may also be usedas adjuvants.

An adjuvant can be administered with an alpha-synuclein fragment as asingle composition, or can be administered before, concurrent with orafter administration of the alpha-synuclein fragment. Thealpha-synuclein fragment and adjuvant can be packaged and supplied inthe same vial or can be packaged in separate vials and mixed before use.The alpha-synuclein fragment and adjuvant are typically packaged with alabel indicating the intended therapeutic application. If thealpha-synuclein fragment and adjuvant are packaged separately, thepackaging typically includes instructions for mixing before use. Thechoice of an adjuvant and/or carrier depends on the stability of theimmunogenic formulation containing the adjuvant, the route ofadministration, the dosing schedule, the efficacy of the adjuvant forthe species being vaccinated, and, in humans, a pharmaceuticallyacceptable adjuvant is one that has been approved or is approvable forhuman administration by pertinent regulatory bodies. For example,Complete Freund's adjuvant is not suitable for human administration.Alum, MPL and QS-21 are preferred. Optionally, two or more differentadjuvants can be used simultaneously. Preferred combinations includealum with MPL, alum with QS-21, MPL with QS-21, MPL or RC-529 withGM-CSF, and alum, QS-21 and MPL together. Also, Incomplete Freund'sadjuvant can be used (Chang et al., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 32,173-186 (1998)), optionally in combination with any of alum, QS-21, andMPL and all combinations thereof.

Agents of the invention are often administered as pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising an active therapeutic agent, i.e., and a varietyof other pharmaceutically acceptable components. See Remington'sPharmaceutical Science (15th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.,1980). The preferred form depends on the intended mode of administrationand therapeutic application. The compositions can also include,depending on the formulation desired, pharmaceutically-acceptable,non-toxic carriers or diluents, which are defined as vehicles commonlyused to formulate pharmaceutical compositions for animal or humanadministration. The diluent is selected so as not to affect thebiological activity of the combination. Examples of such diluents aredistilled water, physiological phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer'ssolutions, dextrose solution, and Hank's solution. In addition, thepharmaceutical composition or formulation may also include othercarriers, adjuvants, or nontoxic, nontherapeutic, nonimmunogenicstabilizers and the like.

Pharmaceutical compositions can also include large, slowly metabolizedmacromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides such as chitosan,polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids and copolymers (such as latexfunctionalized Sepharose™, agarose, cellulose, and the like), polymericamino acids, amino acid copolymers, and lipid aggregates (such as oildroplets or liposomes). Additionally, these carriers can function asimmunostimulating agents (i.e., adjuvants).

For parenteral administration, agents of the invention can beadministered as injectable dosages of a solution or suspension of thesubstance in a physiologically acceptable diluent with a pharmaceuticalcarrier that can be a sterile liquid such as water oils, saline,glycerol, or ethanol. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such aswetting or emulsifying agents, surfactants, pH buffering substances andthe like can be present in compositions. Other components ofpharmaceutical compositions are those of petroleum, animal, vegetable,or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, and mineraloil. In general, glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycolare preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.Antibodies can be administered in the form of a depot injection orimplant preparation which can be formulated in such a manner as topermit a sustained release of the active ingredient. An exemplarycomposition comprises monoclonal antibody at 5 mg/mL, formulated inaqueous buffer consisting of 50 mM L-histidine, 150 mM NaCl, adjusted topH 6.0 with HCl. Compositions for parenteral administration aretypically substantially sterile, substantially isotonic and manufacturedunder GMP conditions of the FDA or similar body.

Typically, compositions are prepared as injectables, either as liquidsolutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, orsuspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection can also be prepared.The preparation also can be emulsified or encapsulated in liposomes ormicro particles such as polylactide, polyglycolide, or copolymer forenhanced adjuvant effect, as discussed above (see Langer, Science 249,1527 (1990) and Hanes, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 28, 97-119 (1997).The agents of this invention can be administered in the form of a depotinjection or implant preparation which can be formulated in such amanner as to permit a sustained or pulsatile release of the activeingredient.

Additional formulations suitable for other modes of administrationinclude oral, intranasal, and pulmonary formulations, suppositories, andtransdermal applications. For suppositories, binders and carriersinclude, for example, polyalkylene glycols or triglycerides; suchsuppositories can be formed from mixtures containing the activeingredient in the range of 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1%-2%. Oralformulations include excipients, such as pharmaceutical grades ofmannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine,cellulose, and magnesium carbonate. These compositions take the form ofsolutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained releaseformulations or powders and contain 10%-95% of active ingredient,preferably 25%-70%.

Topical application can result in transdermal or intradermal delivery.Topical administration can be facilitated by co-administration of theagent with cholera toxin or detoxified derivatives or subunits thereofor other similar bacterial toxins (See Glenn et al., Nature 391, 851(1998)). Co-administration can be achieved by using the components as amixture or as linked molecules obtained by chemical crosslinking orexpression as a fusion protein. Alternatively, transdermal delivery canbe achieved using a skin path or using transferosomes (Paul et al., Eur.J. Immunol. 25, 3521-24 (1995); Cevc et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta1368, 201-15 (1998)).

EXAMPLES 1. Detecting Truncated Forms of Alpha-Synuclein in a TransgenicAnimal

Transgenic mice having a nucleic acid encoding intact alpha-synucleinoperably linked to a PDFG promoter were analyzed at 6 weeks, 3 monthsand 12 months old. The animals were euthanized and the cortex andhippocampus tissue from four mice (2 male/2 female) was pooled. Thetissue was homogenized in TBS (250 mM NaCl), and spun at 150,000×g for15 minutes. The pellet was then extracted with 1% Triton-X 100 for 30min at 4 degrees and spun as before. The resulting pellet was thenextracted with 1% SDS for 30 min at 25 degrees and spun as before.Finally, the pellet was extracted with 8 M Urea/1% SDS. This procedureresulted in four extracts which will be referred to as Tris, Triton,SDS, and Urea extracts in the description that follows.

FIGS. 1A and B show a Western blot of extracts from a transgenic mouseand a matched control with antibody ELADW-47. This antibody is apolyclonal that binds to an epitope within SN115-122 (but does notnecessarily require each amino acid for some binding to occur). Theantibody preferentially binds the human form of alpha-synuclein but alsobinds the mouse form to a lesser extent. FIGS. 1A and B shows analpha-synuclein band at 14 kDa for both the control mouse and thetransgenic mouse. The band is stronger for the transgenic mouse than thecontrol. For the different extracts, the band is most intense in theTriton extract. This extract solubilizes membrane bound alpha-synucleinand possibly Lewy body-like inclusions. The Tris and particularly theTriton extractions of the transgenic mouse (but not the control) show aband at about 12 kDa in a tricine buffer. This is a truncated form ofalpha-synuclein. The molecular weight of the band corresponds to alength of about 115-120 amino acids.

FIG. 2 shows a Western blot with the same antibody as FIGS. 1A and B tocompare the level of the truncated form of alpha-synuclein in mice of 3months and 12 months in age. The Figure shows that the truncated formappears more strongly in the 3 month old mice. Again, the truncated banddoes not appear in the control mice. The more intense appearance of thetruncated form of alpha-synuclein early in development of the transgenicmice indicates that the truncated form of alpha-synuclein has a roleearly in the pathogenesis of Lewy Body disease.

FIGS. 3A and B show a Western blot with a different antibody termed 12C1(binds epitope at amino acids 43-51 and 58-65, monoclonal, IgG1 k). Thisantibody binds equally to mouse and human forms of alpha-synuclein at anepitope including amino acids 43-51 and 58-65. FIG. 3 shows thetruncated band of 12 kDa in the Triton extract of the transgenic mice.The same band appears much more faintly in the Triton extract of thecontrol mice. Thus, processing of alpha-synuclein to a truncated formoccurs in both normal mice and transgenic mice, but more strongly in thelatter. The greater extent of processing in the transgenic mice may bedue to processing of the human alpha-synuclein directly, or may be dueto the presence of human alpha-synuclein driving mouse alpha-synucleindown a path that is used to a lesser extent in nontransgenic mice.

FIG. 4 shows a further Western blot using the same antibody as FIG. 3.This gel shows two additional bands of molecular weights approximately 6or 7 kDa. The 7 kDa band appears more strongly in the transgenic micethan control mice. The 6 kDa band appears only in the transgenic mouse,and then only in the 3 mo sample. The 6 or 7 kDa bands are indicative ofshorter N-terminal fragments of alpha-synuclein of length about 50-80amino acids.

FIGS. 5A, B, C, D, E shows Western blots with four different antibodiesand epitope maps of the binding sites of the antibodies. ELADW-44 is apolyclonal that binds only to the human form of alpha-synuclein (i.e.,not the mouse form) It binds to at epitope at amino acids 103-105.ELADW-47 is a polyclonal that binds preferentially to the human form butalso binds the mouse form. It binds to an epitope at amino acids115-122. ELADW-48 is a polyclonal that binds the human and mouse formsequally. It binds to an epitope between amino acids 131 and 140. 8A5 isa monoclonal that binds to the human and mouse forms equally. It bindsto the C-terminus of alpha-synuclein. FIGS. 5A-E shows that of thesefour antibodies, only ELADW-47 generated a 12 kDa band indicative of atruncated form of alpha-synuclein. The result that ELADW48 did not giverise to this band is of assistance in mapping the site of cleavage.Because ELADW-47 did bind and ELADW-48 did not, the site of cleavage isbordered by the N-terminal end of the ELADW-47 epitope and theC-terminal amino acid of the ELADW48 epitope. Further, because someamino acids from the ELADW-47 epitope must be present to allow bindingand some of the ELADW-48 epitope must be absent to prevent binding, thecleavage site is further confined to a region approximately within aminoacids 118-135. When this data is considered with the size of thetruncated fragment (about 115-120 amino acids) then the probable site ofcleavage is around amino acids 118-121. The lack of binding by theC-terminal antibody 8A5 is consistent with this cleavage site. The lackof binding by the antibody ELADW-44, however, requires further comment.The lack of cleavage can be explained if a truncated form of humanalpha-synuclein resulting from cleavage adapts a different conformationto intact alpha-synuclein preventing binding of ELADW-44. Alternatively,the truncated form of alpha-synuclein present in transgenic mice to agreater extent than in normal mice represents a form of mousealpha-synuclein. In this case, the greater amount of the truncated formin the transgenic mouse would be due to the presence of the humanalpha-synuclein driving more of the mouse alpha-synuclein down aprocessing path that leads to truncated alpha-synuclein relative to thesituation in a control mouse.

2. Detecting Truncated Forms of Alpha-Synuclein in the Brain of aPatient with DLBD

This example compares alpha-synuclein species in LBs to those in theremaining soluble and particulate protein fractions of a DLBD brain. LBsand soluble protein were prepared from the cortex of a single DLBDpatient (see Jensen et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275 21500-21507 (2000)).Tissue was homogenized in Tris/sucrose (0.32 mM)/EDTA (5 mM) andprotease inhibitors buffer. The homogenate was spun at 1000×g. Thesupernatant was subjected to a further spin at 150,000×g. Thesupernatant from this spin was used to prepare a Tris soluble fractionof proteins. The pellet from the 1000×g was resuspended and used toprepare a Lewy body fraction. Lewy bodies were purified byimmunoprecipitation on magnetic beads bearing anti-synuclein antibodies.The precipitate was then extracted with 7 M Urea/2 M Thiourea/4% CHAPS.The unextracted material was reextracted with Urea/Thiourea/CHAPS. Theextracts from this step and the previous extraction were then pooled andanalyzed by 2D PAGE and immunoblot. The unextracted residue was subjectto further extraction with 90% formic acid. This extract was storeddiluted to 9% formic acid. The extract was then analyzed by SDS PAGE andRP-HPLC. Little or no synuclein was found in this last extract, and whatwas present resembled the material extracted by Urea/Thiourea/CHAPS,indicating that the Urea/Thiourea/CHAPS gave a comprehensive extraction.

Synuclein species were resolved on 2-D gels and detected on Westernblots. All 2D Western blots are shown with more acidic proteins on theleft, more basic on the right. Multiple alpha-synuclein species,including phosphorylated and truncated species, were present in both LBsand the soluble brain fraction. The predominant truncations were in theC-terminal region of alpha-synuclein at approximately amino acids118-125. An additional larger fragment cleaved close to the C-terminuswas also observed. No beta or gamma-synuclein was detected in the LBsdespite being found in the soluble protein fraction. The alpha-synucleinin the LB preparation differed from that in the soluble fraction in thatit had additional C-terminal cleavages, and that overall the truncatedalpha-synuclein species were enriched in the LBs relative to the solubleprotein fraction. In addition, multiple alpha-synuclein species ofhigher molecular mass, approximately 25-35 kDa, were detected only inthe LB preparation. These include ubiquitinated species, as identifiedby us and by others (Tofaris et al. J. Biol. Chem. 278(45): 44405-44411,2003). The C-terminally truncated fragments are of the same size asthose observed in the transgenic mouse model of Example 1 indicating arole in disease pathogenesis.

FIGS. 6A, B, C shows Tris extracts probed with different antibodies,subject to 2-D gel electrophoresis and subjected to Western blotting.The dark spots present toward the left of the charts representfull-length alpha-synuclein. The most notable feature is four spots inthe Syn-1 chart that are absent in the 8A5 chart. These four spotsrepresent truncated forms of alpha-synuclein that are unable to bind the8A5 antibody because of the lack of a C-terminal amino acid. Thesetruncations correspond approximately to forms of SN between 1-118 and1-125. Several additional spots are seen underneath and adjacent to thefull length alpha-synuclein spots. The spots underneath the full lengthspots probably represent minor truncations from the C-terminus (i.e.,synuclein 1-X, wherein X is 130-139), since they react with antibodiesto phosphorylated S129 but not with 8A5. The spot adjacent thefull-length spots but to the right represent a minor deletion from theN-terminus (due to lack of this spot in the blot with ELADW43).

FIGS. 7A, B, C, D shows blots with additional antibodies. The four spotsare present with 5C12 (111-118). Two of the spots are present withELADW47 (115-122) and the spots are absent with LB509 (115-123). Thespots may differ from each other both in molecular weight and in thepresence or absence of posttranslational modification, such as nitrationor phosphorylation. The shift of these fragments towards a basic pH,relative to the full length synuclein, is consistent with removal of aportion of the acidic C-terminal sequence. These results fix the sitesof cleavage to within about amino acids 120-125 of alpha-synuclein. Alsonotable are several spots running slight below (lower molecular weight)or to the left (lower pH) than the unmodified synuclein spots. Theselikely may represent forms of synuclein that have undergone a smallextent of N-terminal truncation and/or different posttranslationalmodification relative to the main spots. Note that some spots visualizedby ELADW43 and 8A5 in the blots of soluble protein are beta synuclein,particularly the prominent spot to the left and slightly above the fulllength alpha.

FIG. 8 summarizes the sites of cleavage relative to the epitopes boundby antibodies used in the Western blotting.

FIGS. 9A, B compare the Tris soluble proteins with proteins extractedfrom Lewy bodies by 2D electrophoresis and Western blotting. The Trisblot on the left shows four spots at lower molecular weight representingtruncated forms of alpha-synuclein (probably in the 1-120 to 1-125 aminoacid range). These are of relatively low intensity compared to the spotsrepresentative of full length alpha-synuclein. The blot of proteins fromLewy bodies shows more spots representative of truncated forms of alphasynuclein in the 1-120 to 1-125 range. However, these are of greaterintensity relative to the spots representative of full length alphasynuclein. Also, apparent are two spots migrating faster thanfull-length alpha synuclein but slower than the collection of spots atthe bottom of the blot. These spots probably represent truncations inthe range 1-X wherein X is 130-139 amino acids. As above, these spotsreact with antibodies to phosphorylated S129 but not with 8A5.

FIGS. 10A, B, C, D show the immunoblots of proteins from Lewy bodiesreprobed with various C-terminal antibodies. All spots appear with Syn-1(91-96) and 5C12 (111-118). With ELADW47, the spot running at thefastest speed and most basic position in the Syn-1 and 5C12 blots ismissing. In the LB509 blot, the 12 kD spots corresponding to those inthe Tris soluble samples are missing or faint, although the row of spotsjust above them (“tier 3”) still react. The absence or reduced intensityof certain spots in the ELADW47 and LB509 blots indicates that thesespots represent truncated forms of alpha-synuclein and are consistentwith cleavage occurring approximately between amino acids 120 and 125.

3. Detecting Aggregated Alpha-Synuclein in a Transgenic Animal

Transgenic animals are euthanized and brains are removed forneurochemical and neuropathological analysis Briefly, the righthemibrain is frozen and homogenized for determinations of aggregated andnon-aggregated human alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity by Western blot(Masliah et al., Science (2000) 287:1265). The left hemibrain is fixedin 4% paraformaldehyde, serially sectioned in the vibratome forimmunocytochemistry and ultrastructural analysis.

Brain sections are immunostained with a rabbit polyclonal antibodyagainst human alpha-synuclein (1:500). After an overnight incubation at4° C., sections are incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit secondaryantibody followed by Avidin D-Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) complex(1:200, ABC Elite, Vector). The reaction is visualized with 0.1%3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4)with 0.001% H₂O₂ and sections are then mounted on slides under Entellan.Levels of immunoreactivity are semi quantitatively assessed by opticaldensitometry using the Quantimet 570C. These sections are also studiedby image analysis to determine the numbers of alpha-synucleinimmunoreactive inclusions and this reliable measure of alpha-synucleinaggregation acts as a valuable index of the anti-aggregation effects(Masliah et al. Science (2000) 287:1265).

Analysis of patterns of neurodegeneration is achieved by analyzingsynaptic and dendritic densities in the hippocampus, frontal cortex,temporal cortex and basal ganglia utilizing vibratome sectionsdouble-immunolabeled for synaptophysin and microtubule-associatedprotein 2 (MAP2) and visualized with LSCM. Additional analysis ofneurodegeneration is achieved by determining tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)immunoreactivity in the caudoputamen and substantia nigra (SN) aspreviously described (Masliah, et al. (2000)). Sections will be imagedwith the LSCM and each individual image is interactively thresholdedsuch that the TH-immunoreactive terminals displaying pixel intensitywithin a linear range are included. A scale is set to determine thepixel to μm ratio. Then, this information is used to calculate the %area of the neuropil covered by TH-immunoreactive terminals. These samesections are also utilized to evaluate the numbers of TH neurons in theSN.

4. Analysis of Alpha-Synuclein in LBD Patients

To determine which species of α-synuclein are enriched in or unique todisease tissue, we have examined brain samples from patients withmultiple system atrophy (MSA) and a familial Parkinson's diseasemutation (A53T; Contursi kindred). Particulate fractions of MSA andContursi brain were prepared by homogenizing brain tissue in 50 mM Tris,140 mM NaCl and 1% Triton respectively Age matched, control patients(“normals”) were prepared identically to the disease brain. Samples wereanalyzed on western blots of 1-D gels and by ELISA as described below,and also on 2-D gels. Part of the particulate fraction was analyzed. Therest was spun. The supernatant was also analyzed. The pellet wasextracted in 7 M urea. The supernatant from this extraction wasanalyzed. The pellet was further extracted in 7 M urea/1% SDS. Thesupernatant was analyzed. Western blots using an antibody to detecttotal alpha-synuclein or to specifically alpha-synuclein phosphorylatedat position 129 are shown in FIGS. 11 A and B.

The synuclein fractionated differently from the particulate fraction ofthe Contursi brain versus control brain. Most of the synuclein in theparticulate fraction of the normal brain was soluble afterhomogenization in tris buffered sucrose but almost all of the synucleinin the Contursi brain required urea plus SDS for solubilizationsuggesting a massive amount of Lewy bodies in this patient. Thesynuclein in the Contursi patient was strikingly different from that inthe control patient in the amount of ser 129 phosphorylation. Only asmall amount of phosphorylated α-synuclein was detected in the controlpatient (left tracks), whereas the Contursi patient (right tracks) hadan extremely large amount of phospho-synuclein by comparison on westernblots. Thus, the insolubility of synuclein in the Contursi brain wasassociated with a large increase in synuclein phosphorylation at ser129. The α-synuclein in the Contursi patient also differed from that innormal brain in the distribution of C-terminal truncations. C-terminallytruncated α-synuclein were observed in both control and Contursiparticulate brain fraction However, all detectable truncations werehighly insoluble (urea/SDS extract) in the Contursi patient, whereasthose in the control brain were soluble (tris buffered sucrose extract).The enrichment of the C-terminally truncated synuclein in a LB-enrichedfraction of a Contursi patient is in agreement with our finding ofC-terminally truncated synuclein enrichment in DLBD LBs. The MSA brainwas also enriched in phospho (ser 129)-α-synuclein revealed C-terminaltruncation and an abundance of phosphorylation and other acidicmodifications also seen in LBs. High levels of phospho (ser 129) werealso seen in the brain of a DLBD patient relative to an undiseasedcontrol.

5. Identification of Truncated Synuclein Species from DLBD Brain byLC-MS/MS

To generate an enriched pool of α-synuclein, a Urea/Thiourea/CHAPSsolubilized particulate fraction of DLBD brain was first purified byanion exchange chromatography. The resulting fractions were analyzed byWestern Blot and separated into crude pools enriched in truncated, fulllength, or phospho-synuclein. The truncated pool was further purified byaffinity chromatography (5C12 antibody conjugated to Sepharose). Next,individual fractions were individually concentrated and separated bycapillary HPLC.

The three major peaks from one fraction (designated C6) weresubsequently digested with trypsin and analyzed by LC-MS/MS to determinethe identity and composition of the protein present in the sample. Peak1 was analyzed and α-synuclein was identified with sequence coveragespanning amino acids 1-97. Since the sequence coverage ends at theC-terminus with a lysine residue, which is a trypsin cleavage site,additional downstream peptides may be present.

Peak 2 from fraction C6 was analyzed and found to contain α-synucleinsequence from positions 11-97. Again, since tryptic fragments on boththe N and C termini are absent; the exact composition of the species isnot able to be determined. Also, the majority of the protein present inthis fraction is not synuclein, but a form of myelin basic protein thatco-purified with this synuclein pool.

Analysis of Peak 3 identified two different synuclein species, bothbeginning at amino acid 1, with one terminating at position 119D and theother at position 122N. Both of these truncated forms were identifiedusing a database search designed to detect truncated C-terminal trypticpeptides. The database search results listing the truncated C-terminalpeptide fragments are shown below (Table 1) along with their respectiveextracted ion chromatograms (FIGS. 12 and 13) which illustrate theintensity of the precursor (unfragmented) ion signals for these peptideswhen compared to baseline level.

TABLE 1 Database search results for Fraction-C6 Peak 3 Reference Scan(s)Sequence MH+ Charge XCorr #2 alpha_synuclein(C122)DQLGKNEEGAPQEGILEDMPVDPDN. 2710.22 2 4.53 2690-2694 (SEQ. ID NO: 2)2344-2679 KDQLGKNEEGAPQEGILEDMPVDPDN. 2838.31 3 2.38 (SEQ. ID NO: 3) #3alpha_synuclein(C119) KDQLGKNEEGAPQEGILEDMPVD. 2512.19 2 1.94 2675 (SEQ.ID NO: 4)

The search identified the 122N truncation twice, finding two differenttryptic sequences for the 122N species, with one peptide being theresult of a missed tryptic cleavage of the N-terminal lysine residue.Also, the Xcorr, or cross correlation score, for the first listedsequence of the 122N variant is very high. Three additional truncatedforms SN1-115, SN1-133 and SN1-35 have also been found in DLBD brains.Truncations were identified by matching MS/MS peptide fragmentationspectra from the truncated C-terminal a-synuclein peptides against atheoretical spectrum generated by TurboSequest Mass spectral analysissoftware (licensed from ThermoElectron, Inc). Both forms werephosphorylated at Ser129. The greater the Xcorr value, the higher theconfidence in the match, which lends more support to the data.

FIGS. 14 A-F show immunoblots of 2D gels of extracts of Lewy bodypreparations from DLB patients P48 and P52 and MSA patient P2 (strictlyspeaking, the MSA preparation contains glial cortical inclusions)prepared as above compared with a control. The probe is antibody tototal alpha synuclein. The identifying numbers (A/1, U/1, etc.) refer todifferent Lewy body preparations, done on different days and usingdifferent cortical regions. Different preparations from diseasedpatients are shown in FIGS. 14 A, B, C, E and F. The control is shown inFIG. 14D. No synuclein modifications were consistently present or absentin the MSA preparation compared to those from DLB, so the twopathologies will be discussed together. Most preparations have the samegroups of adducts migrating above full-length synuclein monomer althoughthe relative amount of each group varies. The C-truncated synucleinbetween 16 and 12 kD can be grouped into four tiers, ranging fromfull-length in the first tier to the 12 kD fragment in the fourth. Therelative amounts of the different truncations vary. P52U/2 and P28U/1have none of the DLB-specific tier 3 detectable. P48 has very littleC-truncated material; its tier 3 spots are barely visible (althoughpresent), and the tier 4 is not much more intense, if at all, than thesoluble proteins. FIG. 15B shows the results of reprobing a 2Dimmunoblot of the P52U/2 Lewy body preparation with ELADW101. A previousprobe of the same blot with the monoclonal Syn-1 is shown to the leftfor comparison (FIG. 15A). Three asterisks mark spots that overlay eachother on the two probes. The P28U/1 blot was also reprobed withidentical results. The polyclonal antibody ELADW101, directed againsttermination at Asp119, specifically reacts with the 3 most prominentspots in the 12 kD fourth row of truncated species The multiple spotssuggest different forms of SN1-119 differing by charge modifications,e.g. phosphorylation, of the remaining sequence.

Free-floating, cortical brain sections from a normal and DLBD patientwere probed with the neo-epitope specific antibody ELADW-101. Theresults are shown in FIGS. 16A and B (diseased brain) and FIGS. 17A andB (controls). The boxed regions labeled A and B are shown magnified inthe right panels. A typical LB and LN are labeled with arrows. Onlyfaint synaptic staining is seen in the normal brain. The same experimentwas performed with neo-epitope specific antibody 12C6. The results areshown in FIGS. 18A and B. The boxed regions labeled A and B are shownmagnified in the right panels. Typical LB and LNs are labeled witharrows. In panel B, an arrow indicates granular cytoplasmic staining by12C6. This staining is not seen in normal brain. These results show thatthe truncated alpha synuclein fragment SN1-119 is enriched in patientswith Lewy Body disease.

5. Behavioral Analysis in a Transgenic Animal

For locomotor activity, mice are analyzed for 2 days in the rotarod (SanDiego) Instruments, San Diego, Calif.), as previously described(Masliah, et al. (2000)). On the first day mice are trained for 5trials: the first one at 10 rpm, the second at 20 rpm and the third tofifth at 40 rpm. On the second day, mice are tested for 7 trials at 40rpm each. Mice are placed individually on the cylinder and the speed ofrotation is increased from 0 to 40 rpm over a period of 240 sec. Thelength of time mice remain on the rod (fall Latency) is recorded andused as a measure of motor function.

Mice are tested for cognitive ability in the Morris Water maze (Morris,Learn Motivat. 12; 239-260 (1981)). In this procedure, the animal isplaced in a circular pool filled with water, with an escape platformsubmerged just below the surface of the water. A visible marker isplaced on the platform so that the animal can find it by navigatingtoward a proximal visual cue. Alternatively, a more complex form of thetest in which there are no formal cues to mark the platform's locationwill be given to the animals. In this form, the animal must learn theplatform's location relative to distal visual cues. The length of timethe animal remains in the water is inversely related to its cognitiveability.

6. Analysis of Aggregated Alpha-Synuclein Fragments in a Cell Line

GT1-7 neuronal cells (Hsue et al. Am. J. Pathol. 157:401-410 (2000)) aretransfected with a pCR3.1-T expression vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,Calif.) expressing a truncated fragment of alpha-synuclein as describedabove murine alpha-synuclein and compared with cells transfected withexpression vector alone Cells transfected with vector alone have afibroblastic appearance while cells transfected with alpha-synuclein arerounded, with inclusion bodies at the cell surface visible via bothlight and confocal scanning microscopy. Transfected GT1-7 cells can beused to screen agents for activity in clearing synuclein inclusions.

The above examples are illustrative only and do not define theinvention; other variants will be readily apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art. The scope of the invention is encompassed by theclaims of any patent(s) issuing herefrom. The scope of the inventionshould, therefore, be determined not with reference to the abovedescription, but instead should be determined with reference to theissued claims along with their full scope of equivalents. Allpublications, references, and patent documents cited in this applicationare incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to thesame extent as if each individual publication or patent document were soindividually denoted.

1. A method of screening for an agent having a pharmacological activityuseful for treating a Lewy Body Disease (LBD) comprising: contacting theagent with phosphorylated alpha-synuclein or a phosphorylated fragmentthereof, wherein the fragment is characterized by presence of at least100 contiguous amino acids of intact alpha-synuclein and a deletion of1-11 contiguous amino acids from the C-terminus of intactalpha-synuclein; determining the rate or extent of aggregation of thealpha synuclein or fragment of alpha-synuclein, wherein a reduction inthe rate or extent of aggregation relative to a control lacking theagent indicates the agent has the pharmacological activity.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the agent is contacted with intact alphasynuclein or SN1-133 or SN1-135 numbered according to SEQ ID NO:1. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein the fragment of alpha-synuclein bears amutation associated with a hereditary LBD.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein the mutation is an A53T mutation.
 5. The method of claim 1,further comprising conducting a trial in a human having a LBD or ananimal model of LBD to determine whether the agent treats or inhibits asymptom of the LBD.
 6. A method of screening for an agent having apharmacological activity useful for treating a Lewy Body Disease (LBD)comprising: contacting the agent with a fragment of alpha synuclein,which is SN1-115, SN1-133 or SN1-135, with residues numbered accordingto SEQ ID NO:1; determining the rate or extent of aggregation of thealpha synuclein or fragment of alpha-synuclein, wherein a reduction inthe rate or extent of aggregation relative to a control lacking theagent indicates the agent has the pharmacological activity.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the fragment of alpha-synuclein bears amutation associated with a hereditary LBD.
 8. The method of claim 37wherein the mutation is an A53T mutation.
 9. The method of claim 6,further comprising conducting a trial in a human having a LBD or ananimal model of LBD to determine whether the agent treats or inhibits asymptom of the LBD.
 10. A method of screening an agent for apharmacological activity useful in treating a LBD, comprising contactinga cell expressing alpha-synuclein and processing the alpha-synucleininto a fragment with an agent, wherein the fragment is SN1-115, SN1-133or SN1-135 numbered according to SEQ ID NO:1; determining a level of thefragment in the cell relative to a baseline level in the same cell typein the absence of the agent, a reduction in the level of the fragmentrelative to the baseline indicating the agent has the pharmacologicalactivity useful in treating a LBD.
 11. The method of claim 10, whereinthe fragment of alpha-synuclein bears a mutation associated with ahereditary LBD.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the mutation is anA53T mutation.
 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising conductinga trial in a human having a LBD or an animal model of LBD to determinewhether the agent treats or inhibits a symptom of the LBD.
 14. Themethod of claim 13, wherein the Lewy Body disease is Parkinson's diseaseor Diffuse Lewy Body Disease (DLBD).
 15. A method of screening for anagent having a pharmacological activity useful for treating a LBD,comprising: contacting a transgenic animal having a transgene expressinga fragment of alpha-synuclein, wherein the fragment is SN1-115, SN1-133or SN1-135 numbered according to SEQ ID NO:1; determining a level ofaggregated forms of the fragment in the brain of the transgenic animalrelative to a baseline level of aggregated forms of the fragment in acomparable transgenic animal in the absence of the agent, a reduction inthe level of the aggregated forms fragment relative to the baselineindicating the agent has a pharmacological activity useful in treating aLBD.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fragment of alpha-synucleinbears a mutation associated with a hereditary LBD.
 17. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the mutation is an A53T mutation.
 18. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the transgenic animal is a mouse.
 19. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the transgenic animal is a Drosophila.
 20. The methodof claim 15, further comprising conducting a trial in a human having aLBD or an animal model of LBD to determine whether the agent treats orinhibits a symptom of the LBD.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein theLBD is Parkinson's disease or DLBD.
 22. A method of screening an agentfor a pharmacological activity useful for treating a LBD, comprising:contacting a transgenic animal having a transgene expressingalpha-synuclein and processing the alpha-synuclein into a fragment withan agent, wherein the fragment is SN1-115, SN1-133 or SN1-135 numberedaccording to SEQ ID NO:1; determining a level of the fragment in aneuronal cell relative to a baseline level in the absence of the agent,a reduction in the level of the fragments relative to the baselineindicating the agent has the pharmacological activity useful fortreating the LBD.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the fragment ofalpha-synuclein bears a mutation associated with a hereditary LBD. 24.The method of claim 23, wherein the mutation is an A53T mutation. 25.The method of claim 22, wherein the transgenic animal is a mouse. 26.The method of claim 22, wherein the transgenic animal is a Drosophila.27. The method of claim 22, further comprising conducting a trial in ahuman having a LBD or an animal model of LBD to determine whether theagent treats or inhibits a symptom of the LBD.
 28. The method of claim27, wherein the LBD is Parkinson's disease or DLBD.
 29. A transgenicanimal having a genome comprising a transgene comprising a promoteroperably linked to a nucleic acid segment encoding a fragment ofalpha-synuclein wherein the fragment is SN1-115, SN1-133 or SN1-135numbered according to SEQ ID NO:1; wherein expression of the fragment inthe transgenic animal disposes the animal to develop at least onecharacteristic of a LBD. Screening any animal or cell
 30. The transgenicanimal of claim 29, wherein the promoter is a PDGF promoter.
 31. Thetransgenic animal of claim 29, wherein the at least one characteristicis an impairment of motor function.
 32. The transgenic animal of claim29, wherein the at least one characteristic is an impairment ofcognitive function.
 33. The transgenic animal of claim 29 that is amouse.
 34. The transgenic animal of claim 29 that is a Drosophila.
 35. Amethod of detecting presence or susceptibility to an LBD in a patient,comprising detecting a level of a fragment of alpha-synuclein in bodyfluid, wherein the fragment is SN1-115, SN1-133 or SN1-135 numberedaccording to SEQ ID NO:1; a level greater than a baseline level inundiseased individuals indicating presence or susceptibility to LBD. 36.An antibody that specifically binds to a fragment of alpha-synuclein,wherein the fragment is SN1-115, SN116-140, SN1-133, SN1-135, SN134-140or SN136-140 numbered according to SEQ ID NO:1; without specificallybinding to full-length alpha synuclein.
 37. The antibody of claim 36that is a human antibody.
 38. The antibody of claim 36 that is ahumanized antibody.
 39. The antibody of claim 36 that is a monoclonalantibody.
 40. The antibody of claim 36 having human isotype IgG1. 41.The antibody of claim 36 designated 12C6 or 7G8.
 42. A method ofdiagnosing presence of or susceptibility to LBD, comprisingadministering to a patient an antibody that specifically binds toSN1-115, SN1-133 or SN1-135 numbered according to SEQ ID NO:1 withoutspecifically binding to full length alpha-synuclein; determining a levelof binding of the antibody in the patients, wherein a higher level ofbinding relative to a base line level in undiseased individualsindicates presence or susceptibility to the LBD.
 43. A method ofeffecting treatment or prophylaxis of a LBD, comprising administering toa patient suffering from or at risk of a LBD, an effective regime ofphosphorylated alpha synuclein or a phosphorylated fragment ofalpha-synuclein, wherein the fragment is characterized by presence of atleast 100 contiguous amino acids of intact alpha-synuclein and adeletion of 1-11 contiguous amino acids from the C-terminus of intactalpha-synuclein; and thereby effecting treatment or prophylaxis of theLBD.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the fragment is SN1-133 orSN1-135.
 45. The method of claim 43, further comprises administering anadjuvant that augments an immune response comprising antibodies to thefragment.
 46. The method of claim 43, wherein the fragment is linked toa carrier forming a fusion protein, wherein the carrier augments animmune response comprising antibodies to the fragment.
 47. A method ofeffecting treatment or prophylaxis of a LBD, comprising administering toa patient suffering from or at risk of a LBD, an effective regime of afragment of alpha-synuclein, wherein the fragment is SN1-115, SN1-133 orSN1-135 numbered according to SEQ ID NO:1; or a subfragment of any ofthese including at least five continuous residues starting from theC-terminus of one of the fragments, and thereby effecting treatment orprophylaxis of the LBD.
 48. A method of effecting treatment orprophylaxis of a LBD comprising administering to a patient sufferingfrom or at risk of a LBD an effective regime of an antibody thatspecifically binds to a fragment of alpha-synuclein, wherein thefragment is SN1-115, SN1-133 or SN1-135, with residues numberedaccording to SEQ ID NO:1 without binding to intact alpha-synuclein,whereby the antibody effects prophylaxis or treatment of the disease.49. A method of purifying a protease that cleaves intact alpha-synucleinto form a fragment, wherein the fragment is SN1-115, SN1-133 or SN1-135with residues numbered according to SEQ ID NO:1; comprising identifyingan inhibitor of the protease; contacting the inhibitor with a cellularor tissue extract containing the protease, whereby the protease binds tothe inhibitor; and releasing the protease from the inhibitor.
 50. Themethod of claim 49, wherein the inhibitor is a peptide ofalpha-synuclein comprising a contiguous segment of at least 5 residuesof intact alpha-synuclein between positions 129-139, or 111-119.
 51. Themethod of claim 49, wherein at least one of the residues is a transitionstate analog.
 52. A monoclonal antibody designated 12C6 or 7G8 or achimeric or humanized form thereof.